THE PRIMATES — EXCEPT MAN 125 



Papio presents a swine-like appearance which can be explained 

 as the result of a similar diet. 



We have used Papio as the type of all more specialized Old- 

 World Monkeys including the Macaques. Like Lasiopyga this 

 animal belongs to the subfamily Lasiopyginae (Cercopithe- 

 cinae. Had space permitted it would have been possible to 

 show precisely the same progressive features in the other sub- 

 family, namely the Colobinae (Semnopithecinae), which com- 

 prises the Langurs and Guerezas. 



THE ANTHROPOID APES 



Like the Old- World Apes the modern Anthropoids are all 

 specialized and in order to evaluate correctly the various fea- 

 tures of their respective dentitions it is essential first to note 

 the dental characteristics of earlier forms. For this purpose 

 we shall turn to the Oligocene Primate Propliopithecus. 



Propliopithecus (Fig. 44), known only from the mandible, 

 was discovered in Egypt and probably is the direct ancestor 

 of all the higher Anthropoids and even of Man himself. The 

 teeth and jaw undoubtedly reveal the primitive features char- 

 acteristic of the early Anthropoid stem. Both body and ramus 

 of the mandible are stout and the former presents the depth so 

 distinctive of the higher Primates. The symphysial region is 

 much less sloping than in Parapithecus. The ramus is very 

 broad and gives a large area of attachment for the masseter and 

 internal pterygoid muscles whereas that for the temporal is 

 strikingly small. The muzzle was short, not elongated. There 

 is no "ape-shelf" projecting backward from the symphysis 

 into the tongue space which itself is relatively large and well 

 hollo wed-out. 



Though the incisors are not certainly known it is probable 

 that they were small and almost vertical. The canine is Ioav- 

 croAvned but strong and vertical. The first premolar shows 

 none of the special features already noted as characteristic of 

 the fruit, rind and root cutting dentition. The second premolar 



