16 



PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. 



on the front border of the palm are much less developed than in C. hibernicus, and all 

 those of the palm are characterized by a sharp inward bend. The brow tine is 

 commonly well developed and sometimes bifurcated, and a wide gap separates it 

 from the second tine, which commonly springs close to the palm. In some cases 

 there is no back tine. 



A variety was described by Nehring (87) to which he applied the name Cervus ruffi, 

 regarding it as a distinct race. The antler to which this name was originally applied, 

 and which was found near Kottbus, has a well-developed somewhat spoon-shaped 

 brow tine and a long second tine, but only slight indications of a back tine. The 



HjFiG. 3. — Stages in antler growth, after Owen, locality not stated, a, rose ; b, palm ; c, brow tine ; d. 2nd tine 

 sometimes regarded as a bez tine ; e, back tine. The above lettering is retained in all the figures of antlers. Owen 

 gives a full description which is quoted in the text (p. 24). 



palm is not very much expanded, and four well-developed tines spring from its ter- 

 mination rather than from either the anterior or posterior border. The probably 

 young antlers shown in Text-fig. 4 bear a considerable resemblance to those of the 

 ruffi type, and it seems likely, as Frentzen and Speyer suggest, that Nehring's 

 specimen may have belonged to a young individual. A second example attributed 

 to Cervus ruffi by Nehring has a well-developed back tine. His figure is reproduced 

 in Text-fig. 31, a, p. 60. Specimens described by Dietrich (120) from Canstadt and 

 Jarotschin (Poland) are of essentially the same type. The fine antlers from Knielingen 

 described by Frentzen and Speyer (139) are considered by these authors to represent 

 an extreme development of the ruffi type connecting it with the dama type of antler. 

 The resemblance to the antlers of C. dama lies particularly in the fact that a series 

 of tines springs from the posterior border (Text-fig. 12, b). These are strongly bent 

 backwards and upwards as in the typical germanice variety. 



