Animal Life and Intelligence. 



capable of exciting sensations of taste, so the construct dog 

 is capable of doing certain things and performing certain 

 actions, that is, of affecting us in certain further ways. 



But, further, the howl suggested a dog in pain. No 

 amount of sensations entering into any manner of relations 

 could give me that element of the construct. I can neither 

 see, touch, taste, smell, nor hear pain in another being. 

 Pain is entirely subjective and known only to the sufferer. 

 But I have been a sufferer. I have experienced pain and 

 pleasure. And just as my experiences, individual and 

 ancestral, lead me to project into inanimate objects certain 

 qualities, the products of my sensations, so do my ex- 

 periences, individual and ancestral, lead me to project into 

 certain animals feelings analogous to those I have myself 

 experienced. This is sometimes described as an inference. 

 But if we call this an inference, then we must, I think, call 

 the taste, smell, and feel of the orange I see before me 

 inferences. In both cases the inference, if we so call it, 

 enters at once into the immediate construct. 



And when I went to the window and saw the dog limp- 

 ing down the street, I saw also a small boy, with arm 

 drawn back, in the act of throwing a stone. In other 

 words, I saw the objects in the scene before me standing in 

 certain relations to each other. I concluded that the boy 

 had thrown a stone at the dog and was about to throw 

 another. In other words, I saw the scene before me as 

 part of a sequence of events. 



One more example I will give to bring out another and 

 important feature in the mental process. Strolling before 

 breakfast in early spring in my friend's garden, there is 

 borne to me on the morning air a whiff of violet fragrance. 

 Not only does this lead me to construct violets, but it 

 reminds me of a scene in my childhood with which the 

 scent of these flowers was closely associated. Not only is 

 the object constructed, but a scene with which their fragrant 

 odour has been associated is reconstructed in memory. The 

 violets are immediate constructs or presentations of sense ; 

 the remembered scene is a reconstruct or representation in 



