Appetence and Emotion. 379 



it in the negative. I hold that every feeling, as such, must 

 belong either to the painful or pleasurable class, and that 

 if the pleasurable and painful, so to speak, exactly balance 

 each other, then feeling, as such, does not emerge into 

 consciousness at all. For, as Lotze says, " We apply the 

 name ' feelings ' exclusively to states of pleasure and pain, 

 in contrast with sensations as [the elements of] indifferent 

 perceptions of a certain content." 



The broadest division of the feelings is, therefore, 

 into pleasurable on the one hand, and painful on the 

 other. 



Another general question with regard to the feelings is — 

 With what condition or state of the bodily organization are 

 they associated ? In answer to this question we may say 

 (1) that any very violent and abnormal stimulus produces 

 pain ; (2) that the conditions of pleasure are to be sought 

 within the limits of the healthy and normal exercise of the 

 bodily functions and mental activities ; (3) that within 

 these limits the changes of activity consequent upon the 

 rhythmic flow of normal organic processes bring with 

 them, in the aggregate, pleasure, the delight of healthy 

 life; (4) that within these limits, again, we experience 

 pleasure or pain, enjoyment or weariness, ease or discom- 

 fort, happiness or unhappiness, with the continued rise and 

 fall of our life-tide. For, as Spinoza says, " We live in per- 

 petual mutation, and are called happy or unhappy accord- 

 ing as we change for the better or the worse." So long 

 as our activities remain at a dead level, there is indifference 

 — neither pleasure nor pain. A rise of the tide of activity 

 brings pleasure, a fall the reverse. Lastly, we may say 

 (5) that beyond the limits of healthy and normal exercise 

 there is, on the one hand, excessive exercise which, carried 

 far enough, may give rise, first to fatigue, and then to 

 acute pain; and, on the other hand, deficient exercise, 

 which may produce that dull and numb form of pain which 

 we call discomfort, or a sense of craving or want. 



Pleasures and pains may thus be either massive or 

 acute, diffused or locally concentrated. On the whole, we 



