384 Animal Life and Intelligence. 



innervation — an innervation prompting to activity and an 

 innervation inhibiting or restraining from activity. The 

 attention is so concentrated that he heeds not, probably 

 hears not, his master's whistle. He is keenly on the alert. 

 Then he sees his chance ; the inhibition or restraint is 

 withdrawn, and he flies at his opponent. The emotional 

 tendency works itself out in action. Even after he has 

 resumed his place on the lawn, memories of the emotional 

 state return, and lead him to lift his head, slightly bare 

 his teeth, and growl. 



Now, with regard to the emotional state here indicated, 

 we may notice, first, that it is initiated by a percept ; 

 secondly, that associations of pleasure or pain are by no 

 means the most important or predominant characteristics ; 

 thirdly, that the motor-tendencies seem to be essential, the 

 emotional state being the psychological aspect of these 

 motor-tendencies ; and, fourthly, that we should perhaps be 

 justified in speaking of a presentative emotion when the 

 percept which gives rise to the emotion is presentative ; 

 and a representative emotion where the originating percept 

 is represented in memory. And with regard to the atten- 

 tion which was incidentally introduced, we may notice that 

 it, too, has motor-concomitants, and that it is directly 

 associated with the emotional state. If no emotional state 

 is aroused by a percept, attention is not specially directed 

 to the object. The concentration of the attention is directly 

 proportional to the intensity of the emotion evoked. 



Emotions, then, would seem from this illustration to be 

 certain psychological states which accompany activities or 

 tendencies to activity. They are evoked by appropriate 

 objects perceived or remembered. Where the tendency is 

 towards the object, as in the sexual emotions, we may 

 speak of it as an appetence; where it is away from the 

 object, as in the emotion of fear, we may speak of it as an 

 aversion. Appetences are normally pleasurable ; aversions, 

 painful. 



It is clear that the organism must be in a condition 

 fitting it to carry out its various activities. And this con- 



