Appetence and Emotion. 399 



patiently to one of the roughest ablutions it had ever been 

 his lot to experience. 



So far I have been content to credit animals with very 

 general and simple forms of emotion — anger, fear, antipathy, 

 affection, and some form of sympathy. If, on the perusal 

 of familiar anecdotes, we also credit them with jealousy, 

 envy, emulation, pride, resentment, cruelty, deceitfulness, 

 and other more complex emotional states, we must re- 

 member that every one of these, as we know them, is 

 essentially human. It is necessary to insist on the need 

 of caution and the danger of anthropomorphism. This 

 is, perhaps, even more necessary in the case of the emotions 

 than in that of the perceptions, which we have before con- 

 sidered. Even among men, different individuals and 

 different races probably vary far more in their emotions 

 than in their perceptions. The emotions of civilized man 

 have assumed their present form in the midst of complex 

 social surroundings. They one and all bear ineffaceably 

 stamped upon them the human image and superscription. 

 In terms of these complex human emotions we have to 

 decipher the simpler emotional states of the lower animals. 

 We call them by the same names ; we think of them as 

 like unto those that we experience. And we can do no 

 otherwise, if we are to consider them at all. But let us 

 not lose sight of the fact that all we can ever hope to see 

 in the mirror of the animal mind is a distorted image of 

 our own mental and emotional features. And since the 

 mirrors are of varying and unknown curvature, we can 

 never hope to be in a position accurately to estimate the 

 amount of distortion. 



Eemembering this, it is always well to look narrowly at 

 every anecdote of animal intelligence and emotion, and 

 endeavour to distinguish observed fact from observer's inference. 

 If we take the great number of stories illustrative of revenge, 

 consciousness of guilt, an idea of caste, deceitfulness, 

 cruelty, and so forth, in the higher mammalia, we shall 

 find but few that do not admit of a different interpretation 

 from that given by the narrator. A cat's treatment of a 



