Appetence and Emotion. 401 



cook, who had just trussed a turkey for roasting, was 

 suddenly called away. During her temporary absence, 

 " the dog carried off the turkey to the garden, deposited it 

 in a hollow tree, and at once returned to resume his place 

 by the fire, where he pretended to be asleep as before." 

 Unfortunately, a perfidious gardener had watched him, 

 and brought back the turkey, so that the retriever did not 

 enjoy the feast he had reserved for a quiet and undisturbed 

 moment. Assuming that the gardener and cook were 

 accurate in their statement of fact, the deceitful intent is 

 an inference on their part, or that of the dignitary of the 

 Church, or Mr. Eomanes. I do not deny its correctness 

 from the objective standpoint. Deceitfulness is apparently 

 exhibited by children at a very tender age. But for us 

 civilized adults deceit and its converse, truthfulness in 

 action, mean something a good deal more definite than 

 for dogs and infants. 



Animals are often described as harbouring feelings of 

 revenge and vindictiveness. To test this in the elephant, 

 Captain Shipp gave an elephant a sandwich of cayenne 

 pepper. "He then waited," says Mr. Eomanes,* "for six 

 weeks before again visiting the animal, when he went into 

 the stable, and began to fondle the elephant as he had 

 previously been accustomed to do. For a time no resent- 

 ment was shown, so that the captain began to think that 

 the experiment had failed ; but at last, watching an oppor- 

 tunity, the elephant filled his trunk with dirty water, and 

 drenched the captain from head to foot." Here the facts ' 

 are that an injury was received, and that the retaliation 

 followed after an interval of six weeks. The inference 

 seems to be that the elephant harboured feelings of revenge 

 or vindictiveness during this period. It may have been so. 

 It may be, however, that the elephant never once pictured 

 the captain during the six weeks; but, on seeing him 

 again, remembered the injury, and, as we say, paid him out. 

 But what we understand by revenge and vindictiveness is 

 the keeping of an injury before the mind for the express 



* " Animal Intelligence," p. 387. 



2 D 



