402 Animal Life and Intelligence. 



purpose of ultimately avenging it. And this the elephant, 

 to say the least of it, may not have done. 



In Miss Eomanes's interesting observations on the Cebus 

 monkey, she says,* " He bit me in several places to-day 

 when I was taking him away from my mother's bed after 

 his morning's game there. I took no notice ; but he 

 seemed ashamed of himself afterwards, hiding his face in 

 his arms, and sitting quiet for a time." But, in a footnote, 

 we read, " On subsequent observation, I find this quietness 

 was not due to shame at having bitten me ; for whether he 

 succeeds in biting any person or not, he always sits quiet 

 and dull-looking after a fit of passion, being, I think, 

 fatigued." I quote this to illustrate the difference which I 

 am endeavouring to insist upon between observed fact and 

 observer's inference. 



Mr. Eomanes comments f on the remarkable change 

 which has been produced in the domestic dog as com- 

 pared with wild dogs, with reference to the enduring of 

 pain. "A wolf or a fox will sustain the severest kinds 

 of physical suffering without giving utterance to a sound, 

 while a dog will scream when any one accidentally 

 treads upon its toes. This contrast," says Mr. Eomanes, 

 " is strikingly analogous to that which obtains between 

 savage and civilized man : the North American Indian, 

 and even the Hindoo, will endure without a moan an 

 amount of physical pain — or, at least, bodily injury — 

 which would produce vehement expressions of suffering 

 from a European. And, doubtless, the explanation is in 

 both cases the same ; namely, that refinement of life en- 

 genders refinement of nervous organization, which renders 

 nervous lesions more intolerable." I cannot accept this 

 as the most probable explanation. In the first place, the 

 human beings referred to have different ideals in the matter 

 of conduct under pain and suffering. The American Indian 

 and the Hindoo have a stoic ideal, which does not influence 

 the average European. On the other hand, the dog, from 

 his association with man, has learnt more and more to 



* •' Animal Intelligence, - ' p. 486. f Ibid. p. 141. 



