428 Animal Life and Intelligence. 



without teaching and without intelligence on the part of 

 every individual in the army.* 



That in some cases there is something very like a train- 

 ing or education of the ant when it emerges from the pupa 

 condition is rendered probable by the observations of 

 M. Forel. As Mr. Eomanes says,f " The young ant does 

 not appear to come into the world with a full instinctive 

 knowledge of all its duties as a member of a social com- 

 munity. It is led about the nest and ' trained to a know- 

 ledge of domestic duties, especially in the case of larvae.' 

 Later on, the young ants are taught to distinguish between 

 friends and foes. When an ants' nest is attacked by 

 foreign ants, the young ones never join in the fight, but 

 confine themselves to removing the pupae ; and that the 

 knowledge of hereditary enemies is not wholly instinctive 

 in ants is proved by the following experiment, which we 

 owe to Forel. He put young ants belonging to three 

 different species into a glass case with pupae of six other 

 species — all the species being naturally hostile to one 

 another. The young ants did not quarrel, but worked 

 together to tend the pupae. When the latter hatched out, 

 an artificial colony was formed of a number of naturally 

 hostile species, all living together after the manner of the 

 ' happy families ' of the showmen." 



I have said that the varied activities of ants, though 

 they may not in all cases be truly instinctive, are never- 

 theless the outcome of certain innate capacities. It seems 

 to me necessary to distinguish carefully between innate 



* The experiments, both of Sir John Lubbock and Mr. Eomanes, show 

 that the homing instinct of bees is largely the result of individual obser- 

 vation. Taken to the seashore at no great distance from the hive, where 

 the objects around them, however, were unfamiliar (since the seashore is not 

 the place were flowers and nectar are to be found), the ;bees were nonplussed 

 and lost their way. Similarly, the migration of birds " is now," according to 

 Mr. Wallace, "well ascertained to be effected by means of vision, long flights 

 being made on bright moonlight nights, when the birds fly very high, while 

 on cloudy nights they fly low, and then often lose their way" ("Darwinism," 

 p. 442). This, of course, does not explain the migratory instinct — the internal 

 prompting to migrate — but it indicates that the carrying out of the migratory 

 impulse is, in part at least, intelligent. 



f "Animal Intelligence," p. 59. 



