430 Animal Life and Intelligence. 



to weave the enveloping husk; each forms its separate 

 cocoon within the shell, and all these separate cocoons are 

 arranged round branch-passages or corridors, by which the 

 moths, when they emerge from the chrysalis condition, 

 may escape. Another caterpillar, that of a butterfly 

 (Thekla) feeds within the pomegranate, but with silken 

 threads attaches the fruit to the branch of the tree, lest, 

 when withered, it should fall before the metamorphosis is 

 complete. An ichneumon fly, mentioned by Kirby and 

 Spence, " deposits its eggs in the body of a larva hidden 

 between the scales of a fir-cone, which it can never have 

 seen, and yet knows where to seek; " and thus provision is 

 made for young which it will never know. Instances of 

 such blind prevision might be quoted by the score. It is 

 idle to speculate as to the accompaniments of consciousness 

 of such acts. If it be asked — May there not be associated 

 with the performance of the instinctive activity of incuba- 

 tion an inherited memory of a generalized chick ? we can 

 only answer that we do not know, but that we guess not.* 



There is, however, one association, in the case of these 

 and other instincts, which we may fairly surmise to be 

 frequent, though, for reasons to be specified hereafter, it is 

 probably not invariable. Just as we saw to be the case 

 with habits, so too with instinctive activities, their per- 

 formance is not infrequently associated with pleasurable 

 feeling, their non-performance with pain and discomfort 

 and a sense of craving or want. The animal prevented 

 from performing its instinctive activities is often apparently 

 unquiet, uneasy, and distressed. Hence I said that the 

 animals in our zoological gardens, even if born and reared 

 in captivity, may exhibit a craving for freedom and a 

 yearning to perform their instinctive activities. This 

 craving may be regarded as a blind and vague impulse, 

 prompting the animal to perform those activities which are 

 for its own good and for the good of the race to which it 

 belongs. The satisfaction of the craving, the gratification 



* The American expression, " I guess," is often far truer to fact than its 

 English equivalent, " I think." 



