466 Animal Life and Intelligence. 



psychosis. The neurosis is the outer or objective aspect ; 

 the psychosis is the inner or subjective aspect. 



It is almost impossible to illustrate this assumption by 

 any physical analogies. Perhaps the best is that of a 

 curved surface. The convex side is quite different from 

 the concave side. But we cannot say that the concavity is 

 produced by the convexity, or that the convexity is caused 

 by the concavity. The convex and the concave are simply 

 different aspects of the same curved surface. So, too, are 

 molecular brain-changes (neuroses) and the concomitant 

 states of consciousness (psychoses) simply different aspects 

 of the same waves on the troubled sea of being. Again, 

 we may liken the brain-changes to spoken or written words, 

 and the states of consciousness to the meaning which 

 underlies them. The spoken word is, from the physical 

 point of view, a mere shudder of sound in the air ; but it 

 is also, from the conceptual point of view, a fragment of 

 analytic thought. 



Now, we believe that the particular kind of molecular 

 motion which we call neurosis, or brain-action, has been 

 evolved. Evolved from what ? From other and simpler 

 modes of molecular motion. Complex neuroses have been 

 evolved from less complex neuroses; these from simple 

 neuroses ; these, again, from organic modes of motion which 

 can no longer be called neuroses at all; and these, once 

 more, from modes of motion which can no longer be called 

 organic. And from what have psychoses, or states of con- 

 sciousness, been evolved? Complex psychoses have been 

 evolved from less complex psychoses ; these from simple 

 psychoses ; these, again, from — what ? We are stopped for 

 want of words to express our meaning. We believe that 

 psychoses have been evolved. Evolved from what ? From 

 other and simpler modes of — something which answers on 

 the subjective side to motion. We can hardly say " of 

 consciousness ; " for consciousness answers to a particular 

 mode of motion called neurosis. So that unless we are 

 prepared to say that all modes of motion are neuroses, we 

 can hardly say that all modes of that which answers on 



