20 PYGATHRIX 
species of CoLosus, in the large, many pouched stomach. In some 
species the hair on top of the head radiates from a central point, 
sometimes overhanging the forehead. The Langurs are eminently 
arboreal, though able to traverse the ground with considerable speed, 
and live in the forests, subsisting on leaves and fruits, though they 
are not averse to certain kinds of grain. Some species live at low 
altitudes, while others dwell on high mountains, some not descend- 
ing below 2,000 feet, while others remain amid the snow seeming to 
enjoy the low temperature, and play about the snow covered branches. 
They are exceedingly active and quick in their movements, and in 
India, where one species at least is considered sacred by many of the 
inhabitants, they do much damage to the gardens and fields, and 
often enter the villages and help themselves at the shops to such things 
as tempt their appetites. They are not so gaily colored as the majority 
of the Cercopithect but some few have beautiful coats, those of the 
red species being, occasionally, brilliant. The tail is very long, usually 
carried low, but at times raised over the back. They go in troops, 
sometimes of large: numbers, and are generally peacefully inclined 
among themselves, though sometimes the old males have severe fights, 
ending at times in the death of one of the combatants. They do not 
bear captivity well, and usually soon succumb. 
LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 
1758. Linneus, Systema Nature. 
PYGATHRIX AYGULA first described as Simia aygula. 
1771. Linneus, Mantissa Plantarum. 
P. NEMZ£us first described as Simia nemeus. 
1775. Schreber, Die Séugthiere. 
Simia maura plate XXII B, undeterminable. 
1777. Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis. 
Simia senex ex Ceylon described, but undeterminable, probably 
an albino individual of one of the Ceylonese species of Pyga- 
thrix. 
1780. Zimmermann, Geographische Geschichte des Mennschen, etc. 
PYGATHRIX CEPHALOLOPTERA first described as Simia cepha- 
lopterus (!) 
1797. Dufrésne, in Bulletin de la Société Philomatique de Paris. 
PYGATHRIX ENTELLUS first described as Simia entellus. 
1812. E. Geoffroy, in Annales du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle, 
Paris. 
