﻿NATIONAL 
  GEOGRAPHIC 
  SOCIETY 
  

  

  GEOGRAPHIC 
  ADMINISTRATION 
  BUILDINGS 
  

   SIXTEENTH 
  AND 
  M 
  STREETS 
  NORTHWEST, 
  WASHINGTON, 
  D. 
  C. 
  

  

  GILBERT 
  GROSVENOR, 
  President 
  HENRY 
  WHITE, 
  Vice-President 
  

  

  JOHN 
  JOY 
  EDSON, 
  Treasurer 
  O. 
  P. 
  AUSTIN, 
  Secretary 
  

  

  BOYD 
  TAYLOR, 
  Assistant 
  Treasurer 
  GEORGE 
  W. 
  HUTCHISON, 
  Associate 
  Secretary 
  

  

  FREDERICK 
  V. 
  COVILLE, 
  Chairman 
  Committee 
  on 
  Research 
  

  

  EDWIN 
  P. 
  GROSVENOR, 
  General 
  Counsel 
  

  

  EXECUTIVE 
  STAFF 
  OF 
  THE 
  NATIONAL 
  GEOGRAPHIC 
  MAGAZINE 
  

   GILBERT 
  GROSVENOR, 
  editor 
  

  

  JOHN 
  OLIVER 
  LA 
  GORCE, 
  Associate 
  Editor 
  

  

  WILLIAM 
  J. 
  SHOWALTER 
  

  

  Assistant 
  Editor 
  

  

  RALPH 
  A. 
  GRAVES 
  

  

  Assistant 
  Editor 
  

  

  FRANKLIN 
  L. 
  FISHER 
  

  

  Chief 
  of 
  Illustrations 
  Division 
  

  

  J. 
  R. 
  HILDEBRAND, 
  Chief 
  of 
  School 
  Service 
  

  

  BOARD 
  OF 
  TRUSTEES 
  

  

  CHARLES 
  J. 
  BELL 
  

  

  President 
  American 
  Security 
  and 
  

   Trust 
  Company 
  

  

  JOHN 
  JOY 
  EDSON 
  

  

  Chairman 
  of 
  the 
  Board, 
  Wash- 
  

   ington 
  Loan 
  & 
  Trust 
  Company 
  

  

  DAVID 
  FAIRCHILD 
  

  

  In 
  Charge 
  of 
  Agricultural 
  Ex- 
  

   plorations, 
  U. 
  S. 
  Department 
  

   of 
  Agriculture 
  

  

  C. 
  HART 
  MERRIAM 
  

  

  Member 
  National 
  Academy 
  of 
  

   Sciences 
  

  

  O. 
  P. 
  AUSTIN 
  

   Statistician 
  

  

  GEORGE 
  R. 
  PUTNAM 
  

  

  Commissioner 
  U. 
  S. 
  Bureau 
  of 
  

   Lighthouses 
  

  

  GEORGE 
  SHIRAS, 
  3 
  d 
  

  

  Formerly 
  Member 
  U. 
  S. 
  Con- 
  

   gress, 
  Faunal 
  Naturalist, 
  and 
  

   Wild-game 
  Photographer 
  

  

  E. 
  LESTER 
  JONES 
  

  

  Director 
  U. 
  S. 
  Coast 
  and 
  Geo- 
  

   detic 
  Survey 
  

  

  WILLIAM 
  HOWARD 
  TAFT 
  

   Chief 
  Justice 
  of 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  

  

  GRANT 
  SQUIRES 
  

  

  Military 
  Intelligence 
  Division, 
  

   General 
  Staff, 
  New 
  York 
  

  

  C. 
  M. 
  CHESTER 
  

  

  Rear 
  Admiral 
  U. 
  S. 
  Navy, 
  For- 
  

   merly 
  Supt. 
  U. 
  S. 
  Naval 
  Ob- 
  

   servatory 
  

  

  FREDERICK 
  V. 
  COVILLE 
  

  

  Botanist, 
  U. 
  S. 
  Department 
  of 
  

   Agriculture 
  

  

  RUDOLPH 
  KAUFFMANN 
  

  

  Managing 
  Editor 
  The 
  Evening 
  

   Star 
  

  

  T. 
  L. 
  MACDONALD 
  

   M. 
  D„ 
  F. 
  A. 
  C. 
  S. 
  

  

  S. 
  N. 
  D. 
  NORTH 
  

  

  Formerly 
  Director 
  U. 
  S. 
  Bureau 
  

   of 
  Census 
  

  

  JOHN 
  OLIVER 
  LA 
  GORCE 
  

   Associate 
  Editor 
  National 
  Geo- 
  

   graphic 
  Magazine 
  

  

  ALEXANDER 
  GRAHAM 
  BELL 
  

   Inventor 
  of 
  the 
  telephone 
  

  

  J. 
  HOWARD 
  GORE 
  

  

  Prof. 
  Emeritus 
  Mathematics, 
  The 
  

   George 
  Washington 
  University 
  

  

  A. 
  W. 
  GREELY 
  

  

  Arctic 
  Explorer, 
  Major 
  General 
  

   U. 
  S. 
  Army 
  

  

  GILBERT 
  GROSVENOR 
  

  

  Editor 
  of 
  National 
  Geographic 
  

   Magazine 
  

  

  GEORGE 
  OTIS 
  SMITH 
  

  

  Director 
  of 
  U. 
  S. 
  Geological 
  

   Survey 
  

  

  O. 
  H. 
  TITTMANN 
  

   Formerly 
  Superintendent 
  U. 
  S. 
  

   Coast 
  and 
  Geodetic 
  Survey 
  

  

  HENRY 
  WHITE 
  

  

  Member 
  American 
  Peace 
  Com- 
  

   mission, 
  Formerly 
  U. 
  S. 
  Ambas- 
  

   sador 
  to 
  France, 
  Italy, 
  etc. 
  

  

  STEPHEN 
  T. 
  MATHER 
  

  

  Director 
  National 
  Park 
  Service 
  

  

  ORGANIZED 
  FOR 
  "THE 
  INCREASE 
  AND 
  DIFFUSION 
  OF 
  GEOGRAPHIC 
  KNOWLEDGE' 
  

  

  TO 
  carry 
  out 
  the 
  purposes 
  for 
  which 
  it 
  

   was 
  founded 
  thirty-four 
  years 
  ago, 
  the 
  Na- 
  

   tional 
  Geographic 
  Society 
  publishes 
  this 
  Magazine. 
  All 
  

   receipts 
  are 
  invested 
  in 
  the 
  Magazine 
  itself 
  or 
  ex- 
  

   pended 
  directly 
  to 
  promote 
  geographic 
  knowledge. 
  

  

  ARTICLES 
  and 
  photographs 
  are 
  desired. 
  

   For 
  material 
  which 
  the 
  Magazine 
  can 
  use, 
  

   generous 
  remuneration 
  is 
  made. 
  Contributions 
  should 
  

   be 
  accompanied 
  by 
  an 
  addressed 
  return 
  envelope 
  and 
  

   postage. 
  

  

  IMMEDIATELY 
  after 
  the 
  terrific 
  eruption 
  

   of 
  the 
  world's 
  largest 
  crater, 
  Mt. 
  Katmai, 
  in 
  

  

  Alaska, 
  a 
  National 
  Geographic 
  Society 
  expedition 
  was 
  

   senl 
  to 
  make 
  observations 
  of 
  this 
  remarkable 
  phenom- 
  

   enon. 
  Four 
  expeditions 
  have 
  followed 
  and 
  the 
  extra- 
  

   ordinary 
  scientific 
  data 
  resultant 
  given 
  to 
  the 
  world. 
  

   Tn 
  this 
  vicinity 
  an 
  eighth 
  wonder 
  of 
  the 
  world 
  was 
  

   discovered 
  and 
  explored- 
  "The 
  Valley 
  of 
  Ten 
  Thou- 
  

   sand 
  Smokes," 
  a 
  vast 
  area 
  of 
  steaming, 
  spouting 
  

   fissures. 
  As 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  The 
  Society's 
  discoveries 
  this 
  

   area 
  has 
  been 
  created 
  a 
  National 
  Monument 
  by 
  proc- 
  

   lamation 
  of 
  the 
  President 
  of 
  the 
  United 
  States. 
  

  

  AT 
  an 
  expense 
  of 
  over 
  $50,000 
  The 
  Society 
  

   sent 
  a 
  notable 
  series 
  of 
  expeditions 
  into 
  

   Peru 
  to 
  investigate 
  the 
  traces 
  of 
  the 
  Enca 
  race. 
  Their 
  

  

  discoveries 
  form 
  a 
  large 
  share 
  of 
  our 
  knowledge 
  of 
  a 
  

   civilization 
  which 
  was 
  waning 
  when 
  Pizarro 
  first 
  set 
  

   foot 
  in 
  Peru. 
  

  

  THE 
  Society 
  also 
  had 
  the 
  honor 
  of 
  sub- 
  

   scribing 
  a 
  substantial 
  sum 
  to 
  the 
  historic 
  

  

  expedition 
  of 
  Admiral 
  Peary, 
  who 
  discovered 
  the 
  

   North 
  Pole. 
  

  

  NOT 
  long 
  ago 
  The 
  Society 
  granted 
  $25,000, 
  

   and 
  in 
  addition 
  $75,000 
  was 
  given 
  by 
  in- 
  

   dividual 
  members 
  through 
  The 
  Society 
  to 
  the 
  federal 
  

   Government 
  when 
  the 
  congressional 
  appropriation 
  for 
  

   the 
  purchase 
  was 
  insufficient, 
  and 
  the 
  finest 
  of 
  the 
  

   giant 
  sequoia 
  trees 
  of 
  California 
  were 
  thereby 
  saved 
  

   for 
  the 
  American 
  people 
  and 
  incorporated 
  into 
  a 
  

   National 
  Park. 
  

  

  THE 
  Society 
  is 
  conducting 
  extensive 
  ex- 
  

   plorations 
  and 
  excavations 
  in 
  northwestern 
  

  

  New 
  Mexico, 
  which 
  was 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  densely 
  

   populated 
  areas 
  in 
  North 
  America 
  before 
  Columbus 
  

   came, 
  a 
  region 
  where 
  prehistoric 
  peoples 
  lived 
  in 
  vast 
  

   communal 
  dwellings 
  whose 
  ruins 
  are 
  ranked 
  second 
  

   to 
  none 
  of 
  ancient 
  times 
  in 
  point 
  of 
  architecture, 
  and 
  

   whose 
  customs, 
  ceremonies 
  and 
  name 
  have 
  been 
  

   engulfed 
  in 
  an 
  oblivion 
  more 
  complete 
  than 
  any 
  other 
  

   people 
  who 
  left 
  traces 
  comparable 
  to 
  theirs. 
  

  

  Copyright, 
  1022, 
  by 
  National 
  Geographic 
  Society, 
  Washington, 
  D. 
  C. 
  All 
  rights 
  reserved. 
  Entered 
  at 
  the 
  

   I'o 
  t 
  Office 
  at 
  Washington, 
  D. 
  C, 
  as 
  Second-Class 
  Mail 
  Matter. 
  Acceptance 
  for 
  mailing 
  at 
  special 
  rate 
  of 
  post- 
  

   age 
  provided 
  for 
  in 
  Sec. 
  1103, 
  Act 
  of 
  October 
  3, 
  191 
  7, 
  authorized 
  July 
  1, 
  1918. 
  

  

  