NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 



GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS 

 SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. 



GILBERT GROSVENOR, President HENRY WHITE, Vice-President 



JOHN JOY EDSON, Treasurer O. P. AUSTIN, Secretary 



BOYD TAYLOR, Assistant Treasurer GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Associate Secretary 



FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Chairman Committee on Research 



EDWIN P. GROSVENOR, General Counsel 



EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 

 GILBERT GROSVENOR, editor 



JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Associate Editor 



WILLIAM J. SHO WALTER 

 Assistant Editor 



RALPH A. GRAVES 



Assistant Editor 



FRANKLIN L. FISHER 



Chief of Illustrations Division 



J. R. HILDEBRAND, Chief of School Service 



BOARD OF TRUSTEES 



CHARLES J. BELL 



President American Security and 

 Trust Company 



JOHN JOY EDSON 



Chairman of the Board, Wash- 

 ington Loan & Trust Company 



DAVID FAIRCHILD 



In Charge of Agricultural Ex- 

 plorations, U. S. Department 

 of Agriculture 



C. HART MERRIAM 



Member National Academy of 

 Sciences 



O. P. AUSTIN 



Statistician 



GEORGE R. PUTNAM 



Commissioner U. S. Bureau of 



Lighthouses 



GEORGE SHIRAS, 30 



Formerly Member U. S. Con- 

 gress, Faunal Naturalist, and 

 Wild-game Photographer 



GRANT SQUIRES 



Military Intelligence Division, 

 General Staff, New York 



WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 

 Ex-President of the United States 



FRANKLIN K. LANE 



Formerly Secretary of Interior 



C. M. CHESTER 



Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- 

 merly Supt. U. S. Naval Ob- 

 servatory 



FREDERICK V. COVILLE 



Botanist, U. S. Department of 



Agriculture 



RUDOLPH KAUFFMANN 



Managing Editor The Evening 

 Star 



T. L. MACDONALD 

 M. D., F. A. C. S. 



S. N. D. NORTH 



Formerly Director U. S. Bureau 

 of Census 



JOHN OLIVER LA GORGE, 

 Associate Editor National Geo- 

 graphic Magazine. 



ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 



Inventor of the telephone 



J. HOWARD GORE 



Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The 

 George Washington University 



A. W. GREELY 



Arctic Explorer, Major General 

 U. S. Army 



GILBERT GROSVENOR 



Editor of National Geographic 

 Magazine 



ROBT. E. PEARY (Died Feb. 20) 

 Discoverer of the North Pole, 

 Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy 



GEORGE OTIS SMITH 



Director of U. S. Geological 



Survey 



O. H. TITTMANN 

 Formerly Superintendent of U. S. 

 Coast and Geodetic Survey 



HENRY WHITE 



Member American Peace Com- 

 mission, and Recently U. S. 

 Ambassador to France, Italy, 



ORGANIZED FOR "THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE" 



TO CARRY out the purpose for which it was 

 founded thirty-three years ago, the National Geo- 

 graphic Society publishes this Magazine. All 

 receipts from the publication are invested in the 

 Magazine itself or expended directly to promote 

 geographic knowledge and the study of geography. 

 Articles or photographs from members of the Society, 

 or other friends, are desired. For material that the 

 Magazine can use, generous remuneration is made. 

 Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed 

 return envelop and postage, and be addressed: Editor, 

 National Geographic Magazine, 16th and M Streets, 

 Washington, D. C. 



Important contributions to geographic science are 

 constantly being made through expeditions financed 

 by funds set aside from the Society's income. For 

 example, immediately after the terrific eruption of the 

 worm's largest crater, Mt. Katmai, in Alaska, a Na- 

 tional Geographic Society expedition was sent to make 

 1 lions of this remarkable phenomenon. So im- 

 portant was the completion of this work considered 

 that four expeditions have followed and the extraor- 

 dinary scientific data resultant given to the world. In 

 this vicinity an eighth wonder of the world was dis- 



covered and explored — "The Valley of Ten Thousand 

 Smokes," a vast area of steaming, spouting fissures, 

 evidently formed by nature as a huge safety-valve for 

 erupting Katmai. By proclamation of the President 

 of the United States, this area has been created a 

 National Monument. The Society organized and sup- 

 ported a large party, which made a three-year study 

 of Alaskan glacial fields, the most remarkable in ex- 

 istence. At an expense of over $50,000 it has sent a 

 notable series of expeditions into Peru to investigate 

 the traces of the Inca race. The discoveries of these 

 expeditions form a large share of the world's knowl- 

 edge of a civilization which was waning when Pizarro 

 first set foot in Peru. Trained geologists were sent to 

 Mt. Pelee, La Soufriere, and Messina following the 

 eruptions and earthquakes. The Society also had the 

 honor of subscribing a substantial sum to the historic 

 expedition of Admiral Peary, who discovered the 

 North Pole April 6, 1909. Not long ago the Society 

 granted $20,000 to the Federal Government when the 

 congressional appropriation for the purchase was in- 

 sufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia trees of 

 California were thereby saved for the American peo- 

 ple and incorporated into a National Park. 



Copyright, 1921, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. 

 Entered at the Post-Office at Washington, D. C, as Second-Class Mail Matter. 



Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of 

 October 3, 1917, authorized July 1, 1918. 



