HAMLYN'S MENAGERIE MAGAZINE. 
37 
upon as the tenor of the Addo Bush, the wild 
country which stretches for miles almost from 
the outskirts of Port Elizabeth, has met his end. 
This elephant was stated to be over a hundred 
years old, and was named Langtoon by the col- 
oured people owing" to> the shape of his right 
forefoot which resembled a huge human toe. 
" Langtoon was driven from the Addo Hush 
herd by the other elephants a number of years 
ago and since then he lived with apparently no 
other object than to do all the damage he could. 
Many a farmer has had the work of months 
ruined in a night by the animal, who could 
smash miles of fencing between dark and dawn. 
"To his ferocity he added great cunning 
and he seemed to have an almost uncanny sense 
of the presence of traps or well-armed hunting 
parties. These he invariably gave a wide berth. 
"One oft his favourite tricks was to lie in 
hiding behind a bush by the side of a pathway 
and dash out at an unsuspecting passer-by. 
" Considering- the chances of killing people 
which this method gave him, the number of 
Langtoon 's victims was surprisingly small, but 
many herdsmen and wood-cutters had almost 
miraculous escapes. 
"One white man is known to have been 
killed by him. This unfortunate was caught by 
the huge trunk, dashsed against a tree, and 
then trampled on, with the result that his corpse 
when found was almost unrecognisable. 
"Some days ago Mr Delaporte, manager 
of an estate in the bush, set a trap, which con- 
sisted of a loaded rifle on a fence pole, and the 
bullet pierced Langtoon in a, vital spot. He 
worked almost unbelievable havoc in his death 
struggle, smashing- a fence and some trees near 
the trap and ploughing up the ground with his 
tusks. These were four feet long. " 
EFFECTS OF CAPTIVITY ON LIONS. 
By Fredk. J. Stubbs. 
Mr. N. Hollister, the Superintendent of the 
National Zoological Park at Washington, has just 
completed an interesting research into the effects 
of captivity on East African lions. His material 
consisted of 59 specimens, and these were exam- 
ined both anatomically and externally, each detail 
in the wild animal being compared with the same 
point in park-bred specimens. For example, he 
shows that a .Nairobi lion (F. I. massaica) reared 
at Washington loses its distinctive pale colour, 
and becomes as dark as F. 1. nyanzae from the 
Victoria Nyanza region. 
But more important are the anatomical 
changes of the skull, and especially those con- 
nected with the jaw muscles. The wild lion, hav- 
ing- necessarily to kill and afterwards to carry or 
drag large and powerful animals, is naturally 
developed enormously in the jaw apparatus. The 
exact opposite is the case with park-reared speci- 
mens, which need but to chew their food; and their 
skulls, in comparison with the wild animals, are 
far weaker. Yet park skulls are much wider, and 
can (Mr. Hollister remarks) be picked out even by 
a blind-folded person from a series of wild skulls. 
As might be expected, the brain in the wild lion 
is considerably larger than it is in the zoo animal. 
The late F. C. Selous first drew attention to 
the fact that captivity increased the growth of the 
mane and the elbow tufts in lions, and described 
a specimen in the London Zoo about 30 years ago 
which had a mane far finer than any man had ever 
seen in a wild lion. Mr. Hollister discusses this 
change, which is very noticeable in the animals 
kept at Washington. 
In wild specimens the elbow tufts are 60 up 
to 80 millimeters in length, while they reach 200 
millimetres in the captive animals; and the mane 
also is correspondingly full and long. The eye 
also changes from the fiery golden of the wild 
animal to the deep brown seen in captive lions. 
The Birds of Paradise on Little Tobago 
Island, West Indies. 
By John D. Hamlyx. 
In conversation w.ith Sir William Ingram the 
other day, he gave me most interesting particu- 
lars respecting the Greater Birds of Paradise on 
Little Tobago Island, West Indies. 
It will be within the recollection of my readers 
that a very fine collection of birds, including a 
large number of the Greater Paradise, were 
brought over by the Collector Frost. 
The Greater Paradise were caught young, and 
unfortunately the majoritv turned out males. 
Some few were distributed in Great Britain, 
the remainder being sent to an island specially 
purchased for the rearing and breeding of the 
Birds of Paradise. This was Little Tobago Is- 
land, situated two miles from the main'and. 
