Non-Hellenic Portion of the Latin Language. 549 



induced plain writers like Vitruvitjs or Palladius to have called wooden cramps 

 a chain of linked rings. Some other etymon is therefore required, and this we 

 have in the Cumrian, cadwyn or cadwen, plur. cadwynae, " a chain or bond 

 (see Ow. Diet.), root, Cadw, " to keep, preserve, or save." This verb must, there- 

 fore, have once formed a part of the Latin language, and perhaps of other lan- 

 guages also, as the Greek nahog, the Latin cad us, and the English caddie, signify a 

 vessel which will hold or keep things. From the same root came catinum, a 

 deep dish or pot, and its diminutive catellus, our kettle. The change of the Cum- 

 rian d into the Latin t. is almost invariable, as Lloyd has remarked, who 

 adds in another place, " The Spaniards, to mention once for all, agree with us 

 in changing the Latin t into d, and the p into b, especially in the middle syl- 

 lables. In the termination their d often answers our dd (pronounced th soft as 

 in the), which we also formerly writ only one d." 



Cippus, and diminutive cippulus. " Valli genus ex trunco arboris, unde et Vet. Gloss. 

 xogfiov, truncum exponit. r> Forcell. under the word. It also signified a terminus, 

 and sometimes stocks, of which meaning the Italian " ceppo 11 remains yet a living 

 witness. Now, under the Cumrian " cyf," pronounced " keef," we have in Owen's 

 Diet, the following explanation : — " A stock, a stem, trunk or body, a stump ; cyf 

 pren, a stump of a tree, plural, cyfion (pronounced cuffion)-stocks (hence Anglice 

 hand-cuffs)."" The diminutive " cippil," means also " a stump of a tree with the 

 branches dried on," which suits the description given by Cjesar of his " cippi." 



Crumena and Crumina. A leathern bag or purse, from croven, an outside crust, 

 whence croen and croenen, a skin or hide ; on the same principle as purse comes 

 from Bug<r»j, a hide. 



Cicuta, hemlock, a pipe ; also a " fistula ad canendum apta." In Humph. Lloyd'sBri- 

 tish Etymologicon " cecut" is put down as an old Cum. form of this word. The 

 common name is cegid or coegyd, " the hollow one," from coeg, hollow. Servius 

 observes, " Cicuta autem est spatium quod est inter cannarum nodos," " the cicuta 

 (or hollow) is that space which is between the knots of the reeds." 



Cuneus, a wedge, from Cum. cun or cyn, " a head, first part or wedge, also a chi- 

 sel." Quotation in Ow. Diet., gyrrii r cun a gerdo, " to drive the wedge that 

 will go." 



Carpentum, a carriage, a longer form of Cum. car-ven (see Benna), a cart. It might 

 have been originally spelt carmen, and hence the " porta Carmentalis" of Rome, 

 if this was not derived from leading to the Arx Carventana before mentioned. 

 To trace its name to an imaginary mother of as imaginary an Evander, was 

 only an old woman's tale. 



Codex, or Caudex, " the body, trunk, stump, or stock of a tree," from Cum. " coed, 

 trees, Coeden, a standing tree." In Latin it signifies secondarily a book, but 

 never bears that meaning in Welsh. 



1 De Bello Gall. Lib. vii. cap. 73. 2 Virg. Eclogues, ii. b. 36. 



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