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THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



Photograph by J. A. Muller 



OUTSIDE THE WALLS OF PEKING 



The coolie a-foot is not carrying a banner with a strange device; his bamboo staff is merely 

 the goad with which he prods the listless donkey of his master. 



darinate, who had led the imperial ar- 

 mies against the revolutionists. 



When the Manchn House was abol- 

 ished the panoply of government was 

 gone. There were left the mandarinate — 

 the priests of the temple, as it were — and 

 the common people, who in the aggregate 

 made a great, contented mass, peace- 

 loving but uninterested in government, 

 unleavened by the education which had 

 been reserved for the mandarinate, and 

 therefore unpatriotic. 



The mandarinate class was composed 

 of the scholars of the old educational sys- 

 tem. The new generation was bringing 

 with it a new set oi scholars, for the most 

 part educated abroad, who were return- 

 ing to China with a profound respect for 

 Western learning and an equally pro- 

 found contempt for everything for which 

 their fathers stood. 



YOUNGER GENERATION INSPIRED REVOLU- 

 TION 



It was the younger generation that had 

 inspired and helped to organize the suc- 

 cessful revolution; but the Manchus had 



handed the government over to the older 

 generation, the mandarinate, which at 

 once was forced to commence the strug- 

 gle for very existence against the attacks 

 of the impatient younger generation, dis- 

 satisfied with an empty victory. 



Thus we find the situation in 1912: 



1. The reigning family was gone. 



2. Two parties were left struggling to 

 control the government that was to take 

 its place — first, the mandarinate (strongly 

 of the belief that the monarchical form of 

 government was the only one suited to 

 the Chinese) , and, second, the new genera- 

 tion of scholars (decidedly imbued with 

 the idea that a democratic form of gov- 

 ernment modeled upon the plan of the 

 American Republic was not only suited 

 to the Chinese, but to the advanced times 

 in which Ave live). 



And so there resulted the two attempts 

 of the mandarinate to establish a mon- 

 archy : First, Yuan Shih-K'ai's attempt 

 to form a dynasty in 1916; next, Chang 

 Hsiiir s attempt to restore the Manchus. 



In the meantime the common people, 

 the merchants and farmers, were sitting 



