42G 



THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



Photograph by Robert F. Fitch 



A HUMAN FERRY IN CHINA 



Note the extended tongue of the coolie; it does not indicate 



fatigue, however. 



The mandarinate has always been 

 dominated by strong leaders, similar to 

 our political bosses, who have surrounded 

 themselves by followers ( generally fel- 

 low-provincials) made loyal through 

 rapid advancement in the civil service of 

 the country. 



TWO OPPOSING PARTIES IX THE 

 MANDARINATE 



Men rose to leadership through skill in 

 military command or through proved 

 ability as scholars or statesmen. Thus 

 I lunan produced two great military lead- 

 ers in the persons of Tso. who put down 

 the Mohammedan Rebellion, and Tseng, 

 who helped Li-Hung-Chang put down 



the Tai-Ping Rebel- 

 lion. As a result, na- 

 tives of Hunan domi- 

 nated the mandarinate 

 for many years. Li- 

 Hung-Chang was 

 himself a native of 

 Anhwei Province and 

 he helped greatly its 

 prestige. 



The mandarinate is 

 at present divided 

 into two opposing 

 parties — the Kuang- 

 tung faction, which 

 has had the sympa- 

 thies and support of 

 the newer generation 

 of scholars, and the 

 Pei Yang Party, led 

 by the followers and 

 proteges of Li-Hung- 

 Changand Yuan Shih- 

 K'ai. Canton is the 

 center of the former 

 party, Peking of the 

 latter. The Pei Yang 

 was by far the most 

 powerful of the man- 

 darin factions, but it 

 has become divided 

 into cliques during the 

 last few years. 



Of these cliques one 

 of the most important 

 was the league of gov- 

 ernors of the Yangtze 

 Province, who have 

 maintained a kind of 

 neutrality in the 

 struggle, believing in compromise rather 

 than force as a means of settling the 

 people's differences. Then there were 

 the extremists, like Tuan-Ch'i-jui. who 

 believed in force. Tuan was instru- 

 mental in organizing the now famous 

 Anfu Club, composed of the elements in 

 favor of force. 



The name Anfu is made up of the first 

 syllables of the names of the Province 

 An(hwei) and Fu(kien), and is there- 

 fore supposed to be a union of the forces 

 controlling the Chinese army (Anhwei) 

 and navy (Fukien) — an idea similar to 

 that of the Japanese system, whereby the 

 two clans which have held traditional 

 control over the army (Satsuma) and the 



