NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 



GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS 

 SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. 



GILBERT GROSVENOR, President HENRY WHITE, Vice-President 



JOHN JOY EDSON, Treasurer O. P. AUSTIN, Secretary 



BOYD TAYLOR, Assistant Treasurer GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Associate Secretary 



EDWIN P. GROSVENOR, General Counsel 



EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



GILBERT GROSVENOR, editor 



JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Associate Editor 



WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER 

 Assistant Editor 



RALPH A. GRAVES 

 Assistant Editor 



JESSIE L. BURRALL 

 Chief of School Service 



FRANKLIN L. FISHER 



Chief of Illustrations Division 



CHARLES J. BELL 



President American Security and 

 Trust Company 



JOHN JOY EDSON 



Chairman of the Board, Wash- 

 ington Loan & Trust Company 



DAVID FAIRCHILD 



In Charge of Agricultural Ex- 

 plorations, U. S. Department 

 of Agriculture 



C. HART MERRIAM 



Member National Academy of 

 Sciences 



O. P. AUSTIN 

 Statistician 



GEORGE R. PUTNAM 



Commissioner U. S. Bureau of 



Lighthouses 



GEORGE SHIRAS, 30 



Formerly Member U. S. Con- 

 gress, Faunal Naturalist, and 

 Wild-game Photographer 



GRANT SQUIRES 



Military Intelligence Division. 

 General Staff, New York 



BOARD OF TRUSTEES 



WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 

 Ex-President of the L T nited States 



FRANKLIN K. LANE 



Formerly Secretary of Interior 



C. M. CHESTER 



Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- 

 merly Supt. U. S. Naval Ob- 

 servatory 



FREDERICK V. COVILLE 



Botanist, U. S. Department of 

 Agriculture 



RUDOLPH KAUFFMANN 



Managing Editor The Evening 



Star 



T. L. MACDONALD 

 M. D., F. A. C. S. 



S. N. D. NORTH 



Formerly Director U. S. Bureau 

 of Census 



J( IHN OLIVER LA GORCE, 



Associate Editor National Geo- 

 graphic Magazine. 



ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 

 Inventor of the telephone 



J. HOWARD GORE 



Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The 

 George Washington University 



A. W. GREELY 



Arctic Explorer, Major General 

 U. S. Army 



GILBERT GROSVENOR 



Editor of National Geographic 

 Magazine 



ROBT. E. PEARY (Died Feb. 20) 

 Discoverer of the North Pole, 

 Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy 



GEORGE OTIS SMITH 



Director of U. S. Geological 

 Survey 



O. H. TITTMANN 

 Formerly Superintendent of U. S. 

 Coast and Geodetic Suivey 



HENRY WHITE 



Member American Peace Com- 

 mission, and Recently U. S. 

 Ambassador to France, Italy, 

 etc. 



ORGANIZED FOR "THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE" 



To carry out the purpose for which it was founded thirty-two years ago, the National Geographic So- 

 ciety publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or ex- 

 pended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs 

 from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Magazine can use, gener- 

 ous remuneration is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and post- 

 age, and be addressed: Editor, National Geographic Magazine, 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C. 



Important contributions to geographic science are constantly being made through expeditions financed 

 by funds set aside from the Society's income. For example, immediately after the terrific eruption of the 

 world's largest crater. Mt. Katmai, in Alaska, a National Geographic Society expedition was sent to make 

 observations of this remarkable phenomenon. So important was the completion of this work considered 

 that four expeditions have followed and the extraordinary scientific data resultant given to the world. In 

 this vicinity an eighth wonder of the world was discovered and explored — "The Valley of Ten Thousand 

 Smokes," a vast area of steaming, spouting fissures, evidently formed by nature as a huge safety-valve for 

 erupting Katmai. By proclamation of the President of the L T nited States, this area has been created a 

 National Monument. The Society organized and supported a large party, which made a three-year study 

 of Alaskan glacial fields, the most remarkable in existence. At an expense of over $50,000 it has sent a 

 notable series of expeditions into Peru to investigate the traces of the Inca race. The discoveries of these 

 expeditions form a large share of the world's knowledge of a civilization which was waning when Pizarro 

 first set foot in Peru. Trained geologists were sent to Mt. Pelee, La Soufriere, and Messina following the 

 eruptions and earthquakes. The Society also had the honor of subscribing a substantial sum to the historic 

 expedition of Admiral Peary, who discovered the North Pole April 6, 1909. Not long ago the Society 

 granted $20,000 to the Federal Government when the congressional appropriation for the purchase was 

 insufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia trees of California were thereby saved for the American 

 people and incorporated into a National Park. 



Copyright, 1920. by National Geographic Societv. Washington. D. C. All rights reserved. 

 Entered at the Post-Office at Washington,' D. C, as Second-Class Mail Matter. 



Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. iio.i. Act of 

 October 3, 1917, authorized July 1, 1918. 



