PREVIOUS EXPLORATIONS. 29 



Lieutenant Jarvis and Drs. Call and Lopp to Point Barrow, for the relief of the 

 whalers in the Arctic Ocean. These investigations, including the explorations of 

 Kowak River, by Lieut. J. C. Cantwell, and of the Noatak, by Asst. Engineer 

 S. B. McLanigan, of the Canoin, were continued in 18S5. 



In 1SS5 Lieut. H. T. Allen, of the United States Army, leaving the Yukon by way 

 of the Tozikakat route, reached the Koyukuk near the Arctic Circle and ascended it 

 to near the sixty-seventh parallel. In the same year a detachment of Lieutenant 

 Stoney's expedition crossed from his camp on the Kowak to the lower Koyukuk by 

 way of the Dakli. 



During the winter and spring of 1886 further explorations were made on the 

 Arctic slope by Lieut. W. C. Howard, who, on a trip that was productive of 

 important results, crossed from Stoney's camp on the Kowak to the head of the 

 Colville, Chipp (Ikpikpuk) River, and thence by way of the head of Dease Inlet 

 to Point Barrow. Howard's trip showed that a low pass leads through the moun- 

 tains from the Kowak to the Noatak; that another leads from the Noatak to the 

 upper waters of the Colville, and that on the upper Colville in the region of 

 longitude 156° W. the mountains are succeeded on the north by an undulating 

 country, in which the river has a winding course, with steep banks. Farther north- 

 ward, down Chipp (Ikpikpuk) River toward the coast, the undulating country is 

 reported to give way to a "dead level waste of tundra." 



To the east, Mr. R. G. McConnell, of the Canadian geological survey, descended 

 the Mackenzie in 1888 on geologic reconnaissance work as far as the mouth of Peel 

 River, near the sixty-eighth parallel, whence he crossed by way of the Porcupine 

 to the Yukon. 



In 1889 Mr. I. C. Russell, who as geologist accompanied the Alaskan-Northwest 

 Territory boundary survej' parties sent out by the United States Coast and Geodetic 

 Survey, ascended the Yukon from its mouth to its source, and soon after published 

 valuable geologic and geographic notes on his observations made along the route. 



In 1890 the Arctic coast opposite Herschel Island was visited by Mr. J. H. Tur- 

 ner, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in connection with the inter- 

 national boundary survey between the Canadian Northwest Territory and Alaska. 

 On this trip Mr. Turner made a geographic reconnaissance from the Porcupine 

 across the Davidson Range, following the one hundred and forty-first meridian, 

 which resulted in a material contribution to our knowledge of the mountains and 

 country in this region. 



In 1892-1894 Mr. Frank Russell, under the auspices of the Iowa State Univer- 

 sity, descended the Mackenzie, principally to make ornithologic and ethnologic 

 investigations.* 



aStoney, Lieut. George M., Naval Explorations in Alaska, U. S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Md., 1900. 

 *> Russell, Frank, Explorations in the Far North, published by the University of Iowa, 1898. 



