HAMLYN'S MENAGERIE MAGAZINE. 
The coat was a faded yellow-brown colour, 
very coarse; it looked like a badly worn door-mat, 
the neck was not dark like the American Buffalo. 
He was very savage, and tried to charge, al- 
though I gave him, as soon as he appeared, a 
right and left almost touching the heart at 50 
yards. 
He had killed a horse and badly injured his 
rider a few days before; he was a solitary bull 
turned out of the herd as rogue elephants are. 
It may interest you to know that I shot a 
two-year-old Wapiti who was a thirteen pointer 
(I think this is unique for a two-year-old) the 
other day at Surrenden. 
The day I shot the Aurochs I also shot an Elk 
and a Wapiti, which I think could be done in no 
other estate except Pilawin. 
I have just been informed that the reports in 
some newspapers, some of them illustrated, of a 
herd of Aurochs attacking German troops in Rus- 
sia, and being annihilated, are absolutely false. 
There has been no fighting near Pilawin, 
Count Joseph Patotski's estate in Russian Poland, 
and the Aurochs are quite safe. 
ESTABLISHMENT CHARGES IN ZOOS. 
By Frank Finn. 
One of the finest monuments of French 
thoroughness I have ever come across is the three- 
volume work of Dr. Gustave Loisel, "Histoire 
des Menageries," in which he traces the fortunes 
of zoological collections from antiquity down 
through the Middle Ages to the present day, the 
work having appeared in 1912. It is naturally 
the third volume which deals with modern zoologi- 
cal collections, and perhaps the most interesting 
section of this is that which deals with the ex- 
penses of upkeep of the various Zoological Gar- 
dens. Especially interesting are the salaries paid 
to the officials in different places, but in many 
cases details were evidently not available about 
these, only lump sums being given. Thus, for 
instance, we do not find set down the salaries of 
the officials of the two Paris Zoos, the Menagerie 
du Jardin des Mantes and the Jardin Zoologiquc 
de l'Acclimatation. We can, however, form some 
idea of what zoo administration costs in France 
by the salaries paid at the little zoo of Mar- 
seilles, where, it seems, the Curator gets 600 
francs a year, with house and heating; the head 
gardener 2,200 francs, the six keepers from 1,200 
to 1,400 francs. The garden seems to have a dis- 
proportionate importance, here, lor there are as 
many as twenty under-gardeners, whose pay is 
not given. 
At our own Zoo the gardener's wages arc 
cited as £124 per annum, with housing, while the 
.Superintendent gets £500 and housing, heating, 
lighting and water, together with any travelling 
expenses. The Bird Curator (who is also Officer 
of Works, by the way) gets £400 annually, and 
the Reptile Curator half that amount; the Patholo- 
gist the same as the last. The Assistant Superin- 
tendent gets £200 also, but with housing; the 
Chief Keeper is also housed in addition to a salary 
of £102, but the head of the Works Department is 
not housed, receiving a salary of £144. The 
Storekeeper is paid £96, the 20 junior Keepers 
£72, senior Keepers £78, and Head Keepers £90. 
No details are given about salaries in the Bristol 
and Dublin zoos, and that at Edinburgh did not 
exist at the time Dr. Loisel 's book was published. 
Neither are there any accounts of salaries paid at 
Melbourne or at Cairo, so for staff expenses at 
zoos run by English-speaking people we must 
turn to the American institutions where details are 
fortunately full in the case of New York, the Direc- 
tor, receiving, we are told, 8,000 dollars annually, 
the Bird and Reptile Curators 2,400, also annually, 
while the Veterinary, whose job is a half-time one, 
gets 110 dollars a month. The two head keepers, 
one for birds and one for reptiles, receive 80' dol- 
lars monthly, and of the other keepers, eleven get 
70 and eight 60 per mensem. The Storekeeper 
has 50 dollars monthly, two gardeners 70' dollars 
a month, and of three under-gardeners two have 
55 and one 40. 
Philadelphia gives no> details, but Washing- 
ton Zoo pays its Superintendent 3,300' dollars and 
the Under-Superintendent 2,000, presumably an- 
nually. There are no details about salaries at the 
Buenos Ayres zoo, so we may leave America al- 
together and return to Europe for the considera- 
tion of salaries paid at Continental gardens in 
countries we have not noticed, where sufficient 
details are given. 
We find, then, that at Amsterdam the Direc- 
tor gets 6,000 florins annually, with housing, 
lighting and water; the 22i menagerie and 2 
aquarium keepers, the 2 storekeepers and 5 gar- 
deners, get from 10' to 15 florins weekly. Antwerp 
used to pay (we fear things are very different 
now !) 12,000 francs to its Director, who was also 
housed. The Inspector-General got 4,000 francs, 
and there were 32 keepers, whose salary is not 
specially stated, but it ranged, for these and other 
subordinates, between 120 and 200 1 francs a month. 
Berlin paid its Scientific Director (in 1911) 
16,000' marks, and housed him; the Administrative 
Director got 12,000, the Scientific Assistant 5,500; 
the garden-inspector was paid 1,800 and housed, 
and the head keeper also got housing as well as 
a salary of 2,100' marks. The 14 keepers' wages 
in 1911 are not stated, but in 1907 they were up 
to 1,500', and three of them had housing in ad- 
dition; 17 helpers in 1911 were paid up to 4 marks 
a day. 
Breslau paid its Director 5,000 to 9,000 
marks, and supplied travelling expenses, hous- 
ing and heat; the head gardener there had 2,700, 
