HAMLYN'S MENAGERIE MAGAZINE. 
93 
and Bartlett interprets this as a warning or threat 
to the new-comer. They are quarrelsome in the 
extreme, and yet I have known Macaque Mon- 
keys and even Baboons to be quite amiable in 
disposition. 
CARNIVORA. 
The following is Bartlett 's opinion of a some- 
what singular fact : — 
"The Lion (Felis leo) appears to breed more 
freely than any other species of Felis, and the 
number of young at a birth is greater, not un- 
frequently four, and sometimes five, being pro- 
duced in a litter. 
"It is remarkable that these animals breed 
more freely in travelling collections (wild beast 
shows) than in Zoological Gardens; probably 
the constant excitement and irritation produced 
bv moving from place to place, or change of 
air may have considerable influence in the mat- 
ter." 
This is a strange and certain fact, and is as 
true to-day as it was in Bartlett's days. In South 
Africa I have found it so. The Lions and the 
Tigers in the Zoological Gardens do not breed 
nearly so freely as those in the travelling men- 
ageries and circuses which have toured the coun- 
try, and Bartlett's explanation may be the right 
one. However, temperament may also have some- 
thing to do with it, and when a Zoological Garden 
has the fortune to obtain a good captivity-breed- 
ing strain, the birth-rate is as prolific as that of 
most menageries, as, for instance, the Dublin 
Zoological Garden, famed for its Lion breeding; 
and here, in South Africa, the Johannesburg Gar- 
den has certainly beaten Pretoria in this direction. 
The members of the cat tribe are not famous 
for their fidelity or trustworthiness, so far as popu- 
lar belief is concerned; but the larger members 
of the family, at any rate, belie the reputation of 
the smaller toi a great extent. The following is 
the late Carl Hagenbeck's opinion on this point: 
"It is a complete mistake to suppose that 
carnivores are vicious by nature; they are sus- 
ceptible to kindness and good treatment, and 
will repay trust with trust." 
Lions and Tigers, especially the former, 
would seem to be more to be trusted than Leopards 
and Lynxs, at least that is my experience. It 
was Carl Hagenbeck who first brought the varia- 
bility of animal nature into prominence in the train- 
ing of animals, and by means of selection accord- 
ing to temperament, 'he was able to prove that 
wild animals could be trained with much less harsh- 
ness and cruelty than was thoughl possible by 
the older school of animal trainers. This is so 
well described in Hagenbeck's book, "Beasts 
and Men," that I give it in extenso :— 
"With the lower animals as with human 
beings, real insight into their character can only 
be obtained by treating them sympathetically. 
This essential fact, which is now understood by 
all successful animal trainers, ought in no way 
to surprise us, for the brute intelligence differs 
from the human in degree only, not in kind. 
It is now universally recognised that each ani- 
man has its own peculiar characteristics, its 
own idiosyncrasies over and above the general 
psychological character which it shares with 
all other members of its species. This is a dis- 
covery I had to make for myself, and a most 
important one it is for the trainer, for I say, 
without fear of contradiction, that no trainer 
is fit for his vocation who is unable to read the 
character of the individual animals which he 
has to train. And so it came about that when 
I introduced the humane system of training, as 
I may call it, I not only substituted for the whip 
and the red-hot iron a kindly method of educat- 
ing the creatures (based upon an intelligent sys- 
tem of rewards and punishments), but I also 
instituted the practice of studying the character 
of each individual before including it in a 
troupe." 
(To be continued.) 
THE NEW ZEALAND ZOO. 
By F. Finn, B.A., F.Z.S. 
Progressive as our Antipodean colony has 
shown itself in every respect, one hears little 
about public zoological collections there, and so 
the account of the Wellington Zoo, in the Christ- 
mas number of "The Zoo Standard," a New 
Zealand Natural History Magazine, is very wel- 
come and interesting. 
The writer is the editor of the Magazine, the 
Rev. J. Crewes, who is evidently as good an 
observer as clerical naturalists generally are, so 
that his account gives one a very fair idea of t ! ic 
variety of exhibits in this distant garden, while 
the photos accompanying the article indicate that 
the enclosures are specious and comfortable. 
Lions are well represented, at least four speci- 
mens being on view, an old and a young pair, 
and apparently other young ones. The only felines 
mentioned are leopards, the South American 
margay, and the domestic Maltese cat, the last 
forming part of a "happy family" collection 
along with rabbits and bantams ! 
The only hyaena exhibited appears to be 
the striped species; the dog tribe are represented 
by Indian wolves, Indian jackals, dingoes, foxes, 
a Russian wolf-hound and, what must be a very 
attractive exhibit, "Osman," the sledge-dog- 
