﻿60 
  DR 
  ANDERSON 
  ON 
  CODEINE, 
  AND 
  

  

  times, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  entirely 
  removed, 
  and 
  crystals 
  obtained 
  which 
  are 
  pure 
  hydro- 
  

   chlorate 
  of 
  codeine. 
  For 
  the 
  preparation 
  of 
  codeine, 
  however, 
  it 
  would 
  be 
  worse 
  

   than 
  useless 
  to 
  carry 
  the 
  process 
  thus 
  far, 
  as 
  the 
  solubility 
  of 
  hydrochlorates 
  of 
  

   codeine 
  and 
  ammonia 
  differs 
  so 
  little 
  that 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  former 
  salt 
  would 
  be 
  lost 
  ; 
  

   but 
  by 
  carrying 
  it 
  a 
  certain 
  length, 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  sal-ammoniac 
  may 
  be 
  

   separated 
  without 
  any 
  material 
  loss 
  of 
  codeine, 
  and 
  the 
  subsequent 
  steps 
  of 
  the 
  

   process 
  much 
  facilitated. 
  The 
  crystals 
  so 
  obtained 
  being 
  dissolved 
  in 
  boiling 
  

   water, 
  strong 
  solution 
  of 
  caustic 
  potash 
  is 
  added 
  in 
  excess, 
  when 
  codeine 
  is 
  in 
  

   part 
  precipitated 
  as 
  an 
  oil, 
  which 
  by-and-by 
  concretes 
  into 
  a 
  solid 
  mass, 
  and 
  is 
  

   partly 
  deposited 
  in 
  crystals 
  as 
  the 
  solution 
  cools. 
  By 
  evaporating 
  the 
  fluid, 
  another 
  

   crop 
  of 
  crystals 
  is 
  obtained 
  ; 
  and, 
  finally, 
  when 
  the 
  mother-liquor 
  has 
  been 
  concen- 
  

   trated 
  to 
  a 
  very 
  small 
  bulk, 
  it 
  becomes 
  filled 
  on 
  cooling 
  with 
  long 
  silky 
  needles 
  of 
  

   morphia, 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  retained 
  in 
  solution 
  by 
  the 
  excess 
  of 
  potash. 
  A 
  certain 
  

   quantity 
  of 
  morphia 
  appears 
  always 
  to 
  remain 
  in 
  solution 
  along 
  with 
  the 
  codeine 
  ; 
  

   at 
  least 
  I 
  have 
  found 
  it 
  in 
  all 
  the 
  mother-liquors 
  I 
  have 
  examined, 
  although 
  its 
  

   quantity 
  appears 
  to 
  vary 
  considerably. 
  Its 
  presence 
  in 
  this 
  solution 
  has 
  been 
  

   observed 
  before, 
  and 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  stated 
  that 
  it 
  exists 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  a 
  double 
  salt 
  

   with 
  codeine 
  ; 
  this, 
  however, 
  is 
  not 
  consistent 
  with 
  my 
  own 
  experience, 
  at 
  least 
  

   the 
  salt 
  separated 
  from 
  the 
  muriate 
  of 
  ammonia 
  by 
  successive 
  crystallisations 
  

   contained 
  no 
  morphia, 
  but, 
  as 
  has 
  been 
  already 
  stated, 
  was 
  pure 
  hydrochlorate 
  

   of 
  codeine. 
  

  

  The 
  crystals 
  of 
  codeine 
  precipitated 
  by 
  potash, 
  in 
  the 
  manner 
  described, 
  are 
  

   always 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  coloured. 
  They 
  are 
  purified 
  by 
  solution 
  in 
  hydrochloric 
  acid, 
  

   boiling 
  with 
  animal 
  charcoal, 
  and 
  reprecipitation 
  with 
  a 
  slight 
  excess 
  of 
  potash, 
  

   and 
  the 
  precipitate 
  obtained 
  finally 
  dissolved 
  in 
  ether, 
  to 
  separate 
  any 
  morphia 
  

   which 
  may 
  adhere 
  to 
  it. 
  For 
  this 
  purpose 
  hydrous 
  ether 
  is 
  best 
  adapted 
  ; 
  and 
  

   it 
  ought 
  to 
  be 
  free 
  from 
  alcohol, 
  as 
  if 
  any 
  be 
  present, 
  the 
  ether 
  evaporates, 
  and 
  a 
  

   syrupy 
  fluid 
  is 
  left 
  behind, 
  which 
  refuses 
  to 
  crystallise. 
  When 
  the 
  ether 
  is 
  anhy- 
  

   drous, 
  it 
  dissolves 
  codeine 
  with 
  much 
  greater 
  difficulty, 
  and 
  by 
  evaporation 
  small 
  

   crystals 
  are 
  deposited, 
  which 
  are 
  anhydrous. 
  

  

  The 
  codeine 
  employed 
  for 
  analysis 
  was 
  dried 
  at 
  21 
  T. 
  The 
  three 
  first 
  were 
  

   made 
  with 
  codeine 
  crystallised 
  from 
  hydrous 
  ether, 
  which 
  lost 
  two 
  equivalents 
  of 
  

   water 
  at 
  212° 
  ; 
  the 
  last 
  was 
  anhydrous 
  codeine 
  in 
  small 
  colourless 
  crystals. 
  

  

  {6*120 
  grains 
  of 
  codeine, 
  with 
  oxide 
  of 
  copper, 
  gave 
  

   16-135 
  ... 
  of 
  carbonic 
  acid, 
  and 
  

   3-888 
  ... 
  of 
  water. 
  

  

  {5 
  '89 
  6 
  grains 
  of 
  codeine, 
  with 
  oxide 
  of 
  copper, 
  gave 
  

   15*616 
  ... 
  of 
  carbonic 
  acid, 
  and 
  

   3*737 
  ... 
  of 
  water. 
  

  

  {4*688 
  grains 
  of 
  codeine, 
  with 
  chromate 
  of 
  lead, 
  gave 
  

   12*392 
  ... 
  of 
  carbonic 
  acid, 
  and 
  

   3*015 
  ... 
  of 
  water. 
  

  

  