﻿248 
  DR 
  ANDERSON 
  ON 
  THE 
  PRODUCTS 
  OF 
  THE 
  

  

  which, 
  though 
  convenient 
  enough 
  on 
  the 
  small 
  scale, 
  was 
  too 
  tedious 
  for 
  the 
  

   large 
  quantities 
  on 
  which 
  I 
  now 
  operated. 
  The 
  preliminary 
  process 
  of 
  rectifying 
  

   the 
  oil, 
  which 
  was 
  quite 
  beyond 
  the 
  resources 
  of 
  a 
  laboratory, 
  was 
  effected 
  at 
  a 
  

   manufactory. 
  The 
  whole 
  oil 
  was 
  introduced 
  at 
  once 
  into 
  a 
  cast-iron 
  retort, 
  fur- 
  

   nished 
  with 
  a 
  good 
  condenser, 
  kept 
  cool 
  by 
  an 
  abundant 
  current 
  of 
  ice-cold 
  water. 
  

   A 
  very 
  gentle 
  heat 
  was 
  applied, 
  and 
  the 
  first 
  twenty 
  gallons 
  which 
  passed 
  over 
  

   were 
  collected 
  apart 
  ; 
  they 
  consisted 
  of 
  about 
  equal 
  bulks 
  of 
  a 
  highly 
  volatile 
  oil, 
  

   and 
  of 
  water 
  charged 
  with 
  sulphide 
  of 
  ammonium, 
  hydrocyanate 
  and 
  carbonate 
  

   of 
  ammonia, 
  and 
  a 
  small 
  quantity 
  of 
  very 
  volatile 
  bases. 
  The 
  oil 
  which 
  distilled 
  

   over 
  after 
  this 
  fraction 
  had 
  been 
  separated 
  was 
  collected 
  in 
  a 
  succession 
  of 
  casks, 
  

   which 
  were 
  numbered 
  as 
  they 
  were 
  filled. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  after 
  treatment 
  of 
  the 
  oil, 
  a 
  process 
  was 
  employed 
  similar 
  to 
  that 
  which 
  

   I 
  had 
  formerly 
  made 
  use 
  of, 
  with 
  this 
  exception, 
  that 
  the 
  watery 
  fluid, 
  which 
  had 
  

   formerly 
  been 
  rejected, 
  was 
  employed 
  for 
  obtaining 
  any 
  bases 
  which 
  might 
  have 
  

   been 
  dissolved 
  in 
  it 
  along 
  with 
  the 
  ammonia. 
  For 
  this 
  purpose 
  it 
  was 
  separated 
  

   from 
  the 
  oil, 
  and 
  dilute 
  sulphuric 
  acid 
  gradually 
  added, 
  when 
  carbonic, 
  hydro- 
  

   cyanic, 
  and 
  hydrosulphuric 
  acids 
  escaped 
  with 
  violent 
  effervescence. 
  When 
  acid 
  

   enough 
  had 
  been 
  added 
  to 
  communicate 
  a 
  powerfully 
  acid 
  reaction 
  to 
  the 
  fluid, 
  

   it 
  was 
  put 
  into 
  a 
  large 
  copper 
  boiler 
  and 
  boiled 
  for 
  some 
  time, 
  water 
  being 
  added 
  

   at 
  intervals, 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  keep 
  up 
  the 
  bulk. 
  After 
  the 
  ebullition 
  had 
  been 
  sufficiently 
  

   prolonged, 
  the 
  fluid 
  was 
  allowed 
  to 
  cool, 
  and 
  slaked 
  lime 
  added 
  in 
  excess. 
  A 
  

   copper 
  head 
  was 
  then 
  fitted 
  to 
  the 
  boiler 
  and 
  luted 
  down 
  with 
  clay, 
  a 
  condenser 
  

   attached, 
  and 
  heat 
  applied. 
  The 
  distillate 
  was 
  collected 
  in 
  a 
  large 
  glass 
  receiver, 
  

   which, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  prevent 
  the 
  escape 
  of 
  ammonia 
  and 
  any 
  very 
  volatile 
  products 
  

   which 
  might 
  be 
  carried 
  along 
  with 
  it, 
  was 
  connected 
  by 
  a 
  doubly-bent 
  tube 
  with 
  

   a 
  second 
  receiver 
  containing 
  water, 
  through 
  which 
  the 
  gaseous 
  products 
  were 
  

   allowed 
  to 
  stream. 
  The 
  fluid 
  which 
  distilled 
  was 
  coloured 
  blue 
  by 
  the 
  solution 
  

   of 
  small 
  quantities 
  of 
  copper 
  from 
  the 
  condenser 
  ; 
  it 
  had 
  a 
  powerfully 
  ammoniacal 
  

   and 
  putrid 
  odour, 
  and 
  when 
  treated 
  with 
  sticks 
  of 
  caustic 
  potass, 
  in 
  the 
  manner 
  

   described 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  part 
  of 
  this 
  paper, 
  ammonia 
  was 
  rapidly 
  evolved 
  with 
  

   effervescence, 
  and 
  a 
  small 
  quantity 
  of 
  very 
  volatile 
  and 
  pungent 
  bases 
  collected 
  

   on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  potash. 
  These 
  bases 
  were 
  separated 
  from 
  the 
  potash 
  fluid, 
  

   which 
  was 
  preserved 
  along 
  with 
  the 
  ammoniacal 
  solution 
  obtained 
  by 
  the 
  absorp- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  gaseous 
  products 
  in 
  the 
  second 
  receiver. 
  

  

  The 
  treatment 
  of 
  the 
  oil 
  was 
  conducted 
  in 
  a 
  manner 
  very 
  similar 
  to 
  that 
  

   already 
  described, 
  and 
  as 
  I 
  desired 
  to 
  have 
  only 
  the 
  more 
  volatile 
  products, 
  I 
  em- 
  

   ployed 
  the 
  first 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  oil 
  only. 
  It 
  was 
  agitated 
  with 
  dilute 
  sulphuric 
  acid 
  

   in 
  casks 
  about 
  half 
  full, 
  and 
  after 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  days, 
  during 
  which 
  the 
  agitation 
  was 
  

   frequently 
  repeated, 
  more 
  water 
  was 
  added, 
  and 
  the 
  solution 
  of 
  the 
  bases 
  sepa- 
  

   rated 
  from 
  the 
  oil. 
  To 
  this 
  fluid 
  acid 
  was 
  added, 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  have 
  a 
  distinct 
  excess 
  ; 
  

   and 
  it 
  was 
  then 
  boiled 
  for 
  the 
  separation 
  of 
  Runge's 
  pyrrol, 
  to 
  which 
  reference 
  

  

  