abdomen buff, with scattered darker scales. Fore wings 

 reddish-brown with rufous, white, and silvery markings; 

 basal area dark brown followed by a white, transverse 

 band; a submedian red band, followed by a white fascia; 

 a postmedian dark, reddish brown area on a grayish-white 

 background; 2 converging, apical, white streaks with 

 reddish spot at base and separated by a dark, reddish- 

 brown area; a marginal, reddish band; tornus with oblique, 

 reddish dash with a few silvery scales. Hind wings with 

 basal, reddish, zigzag reddish band, followed by a silvery 

 streak and a white fascia to margin; postmedian area 

 white with grayish-brown irrorations; submarginal black 

 dots on a white background, with silvery and white scales 

 between; marginal dots black, contiguous, separated 

 by a few reddish scales; cilia darker at base. 



Female. — Expanse 17-24 mm.; larger than male; an- 

 tennae less ciliate and tufted. 



Male genitalia. — Valva short, wide at base; uncus stout, 

 broadly joined to gnathos, set with apical spines; gnathos 

 well developed, curved at tip and with inconspicuous 

 tooth on dorsal surface; aedeagus narrowed basally; 

 apically with group of closely set spines, preceded by 

 a clear area. 



Female genitalia. — Ostium wide above, funnel-shaped 

 ductus bursae not sclerotized; bursa copulatrix lacking 

 signum. 



Taxonomic position. — Dyar's satanalis from Texas 

 is undoubtedly jaliscalis Schaus. This species can be 

 confused on superficial characters with certain indi- 

 viduals of truckeealis, but it is more brightly marked 

 than truckeealis, and the genitalia will settle doubt- 

 ful cases. 



Distribution. — A widely distributed species extend- 

 ing from Mexico to Redding, Shasta County, California, 

 collected from January to November. California records 

 include: Colusa, Fresno, Glenn, Inyo, Madera, River- 

 side, San Bernardino, Shasta, Stanislaus, and Yolo 

 counties. I have also examined specimens from Arizona, 

 Mexico, New Mexico, and Texas. In addition to a fe- 

 male sent by Mr. Capps from the National Museum col- 

 lection determined by Mr. Schaus from Guadalajara, 

 Mexico, I have seen specimens collected by E. Schlin- 

 ger during July, 1954, from five miles East of Pairita, 

 Canon de Santa Clara, Chihuahua, Mexico, and Nombre 

 de Dios, Durango, Mexico. 



Biology. — Larvae of this species were first found 

 at Stony Creek near Hamilton City, Glenn County, on 

 June 5, 1954. The biology is similar to P. truckeealis 

 (Dyar), and in certain northern localities it can occur 

 together with truckeealis. Mr. D. Abell has found 

 jaliscalis associated with both the intermittent and 

 permanent part of Dry Creek, Fresno County, and has 

 supplied me with a number of specimens. Long series 

 of adults have been collected by Dr. John Comstock 

 and Mr. Lloyd Martin from Madera Canyon, Arizona, 

 throughout a period of several years, in an area where 

 the stream is dry during most of the year. At Ladoga, 

 Colusa County, on October 13, 1954, Mr. A. A. Griga- 

 rick and I collected larvae of jaliscalis and those of 

 an unidentified larva in a stream where only a trickle 

 of water was running and the water was ill smelling 

 and almost stagnant in the pools. 



As with truckeealis, the females apparently enter 

 the water to deposit their eggs under rocks. At 

 Ladoga, eggs of what are probably this species, were 

 found under rocks in shallow water where a trickle of 



285 

 Lange: Lepidoptera 



water was still flowing, but not in the deep, stagnant 

 pools. The flattened, ovate, tan-colored egge were 

 laid in overlapping groups under the rocks, and varied 

 in width from 0.24 to 0.29 mm. and in length from 

 0.36 to 0.42 mm. In many localities the rocks were 

 covered with algal growth, much more so than for 

 truckeealis. The larvae live under thin, silkenlike 

 webs and apparently feed on the algae and diatoms 

 occurring on the rocks. These larval webs have small 

 openings all around the edge and vary in size as they 

 conform to depressions or grooves in the rocks. The 

 pupal cases are similar to truckeealis, although they 

 usually have fewer openings on the ends, and the 

 openings are larger. The pupal case is firmly attached 

 by two reinforced anchorlike attachments on each 

 side; it varies in size, but may be about 12 mm. wide 

 by 18 mm. long, dome-shaped, and attached to bed 

 rock, small rocks, or larger rocks. 



The mature larva of jaliscalis has characteristic 

 mandibles which separate it easily from related spe- 

 cies (fig. 11:7a). The larvae usually are lighter in 

 color than truckeealis, but can range in color from 

 dirty-white to blackish, with a brown head and pro- 

 thoracic shield. The blood gills are more numerous 

 and thinner than associated species. The mature larva 

 is about 15 mm. long and 3 mm. wide (without gills). 

 Abdominal segments one to eight have a subspiracular 

 group of four to five filamentous blood gills, and a 

 supraspiracular group with the same number. The 

 bases of the gills in the next to last instar are dark 

 (preserved specimens), a character found in the mature 

 larva of the unknown Stony Creek species. The larvae 

 of truckeealis usually have only three subspiracular 

 gills on abdominal segments one to eight, and only 

 one to three supraspiracular gills. 



The pupa occurs in an apparently air tight silk- 

 lined inner cocoon. The pupa is brown, 8 mm. long 

 by 3 mm. wide at the greatest point. The cremaster is 

 anchorlike, and two-pronged, stouter than that found 

 in truckeealis. Abdominal segments two and three, 

 have well-developed, dorsal, stalked spiracles and 

 abdominal segments four to seven have dorsal and 

 lateral transverse ridges. 



Several generations occur each year, judging from 

 the occurrence of larvae throughout the year. In Colusa 

 County larvae were found to overwinter. 



Parargyractis truckeealis (Dyar) 

 (Figs. 11:3; 11:46; 11:56; ll:6e; ll:7e) 



Elophila truckeealis Dyar, 1917:76. 

 Parargyractis truckeealis, Lange 1956. 



A grayish-red to fuscous species with white and fuscous 

 markings, and black spots on hind wings preceded (in 

 most specimens) at apex and tornus by a black line. 



Male. — Expanse 11-19 mm. Labial palpi light brown; 

 2nd and 3rd segments with a few rough scales below. 

 Maxillary palpi broadly tufted apically. Antennae ciliate 

 basally, with a few scales on inside, and with apical 

 tufts. Head, thorax, and abdomen variable in color, buff 

 to dark brown. Fore wings with basal dark area followed 

 by a lighter, transverse line; a dark, submedian band 

 followed by a white, transverse line which is dark edged; 

 a median, gray-irrorated area; a discal dark spot followed 

 by a luteous mark; 2 basally converging, white apical 



