376 



Wirth and Stone: Diptera 



than itself (Roederiodes) EMPIDIDAE (part) 



— Caudal processes longer than prolegs, ciliated when 

 larva is fully grown; dorsal head plate pyriform; each 

 antenna with 3 terminal hairs; hypopharynx not V- or 

 Y-shaped (Atherix) RHAGIONIDAE 



18. Body cylindrical, circular in cross section, tapering 

 at both ends; abdomen finely, longitudinally striate, 

 with a girdle of prolegs orpseudopods on each segment; 

 posterior respiratory organs close together, situated 

 in a vertical cleft (fig. 14:48a, 6, g) TABANID AE 



— Abdomen not distinctly finely striate, with a girdle 

 of prolegs or pseudopods on each segment; hypo- 

 pharynx V- or Y-shaped, the branches directed posteriorly 

 19 



19. Caudal end terminating in a spiracular pit surrounded 

 by several pointed lobes (fig. 14:496, e, i, I, n, v, y) . 



DOLICHOPODIDAE 



— Caudal end rounded with the spiracles borne on the 

 surface or on distinct raised processes (fig. 14:51) 



EMPIDIDAE (part) 



20. Pharyngeal skeleton with the "hypopharynx" produced 

 in the form of a median tooth; prothoracic spiracles 

 reduced, simple (fig. 14:526) PHORIDAE 



— "Hypopharynx" not so produced; prothoracic spiracles 

 each with several to many openings, rarely absent 



21 



21. Mouth hooks vestigial or wanting in the aquatic species; 

 posterior spiracles close together at the extremity 

 of a tube which may be either very short, or more or 

 less elongate and in part retractile; integument trans- 

 versely wrinkled (fig. 14:53) SYRPHIDAE 



— Mouth hooks present; spiracles in well-separated 

 discs (figs. 14:56Z; 14:63£); if at the tip of a retractile 

 tube (fig. 14:59), the mouth hooks are palmate 22 



22. Posterior spiracular plates ending in a needlelike 

 spine (fig. 14:56d); anterior spiracles absent; mouth 

 hooks serrate below (fig. 14:56e) 



EPHYDRIDAE (part) 



— Posterior spiracular plates (PS) not ending in a needle- 

 like spine (figs. 14:56Z; 14:63d); anterior spiracles 

 (AS) present (figs. 14:60d; 14:63d, /, I, v) 23 



23. Posterior spiracles borne at the end of a more or less 

 elongated, sometimes branched or retractile air tube 

 (figs. 14:56Z; 14:58c; 14:59a, c; 14:60d; 1 4:63e, g, k) 



24 



— Posterior spiracles borne flush or on short sclerotized 

 plates (figs. 14:62a,d; 14:63d; li:64a-c) or in a cavity 

 on the caudally truncated or rounded posterior segment 



' 26 



24. Spiracles borne on a distinctly lobed disc or tube; 

 mouth hooks joined together behind the mouth opening 

 (fig. 14:61o-c) SCIOMYZIDAE 



— Spiracular disc or tube without fleshy marginal lobes 

 (figs. 14:57c, d; 14:60d; 14:63u); mouth hooks not 

 joined together behind the mouth opening 25 



25. Mouth hooks slender and pointed, without ventral teeth 

 (fig. 14:63/, k,r) MUSCIDAE (part) 



— Mouth hooks palmate or digitate below (fig. 14:58a) 



EPHYDRIDAE (part) 



CANACEIDAE 



26. Posterior spiracles borne deep inside a cuplike, 

 expanded chamber, the elongated slits arranged verti- 

 cally (fig. 14:64a-c) SARCOPHAGIDAE 



— Posterior spiracles not inside a cuplike chamber, the 

 slits short and radially arranged (figs. 14:62; 14:63d, 

 n, p) MUSCIDAE (part) 



SCOPEUMATIDAE 



Pupae 



1. Pupa free, not completely covered by the last larval 

 skin, though it may be covered by a cocoon (figs. 

 14:7a; 14:16A; 14:19n, o; 14:27a; 14:49u, to) 2 



— Pupa remaining wholly within the last larval skin, 

 the puparium, which is heavily sclerotized and in 

 many cases is shortened to form an ellipsoidal or 



10. 



11 



12 



13 



It 



egg-shaped body (figs. 14:52c; 14:53c; 14:63c) (BRACH-I 



YCERA, part) 19I 



Antennal sacs elongated, lying' over the compound! 

 eyes and extending to, or beyond, the bases of the 

 wing sheaths; prothoracic respiratory organs in most 

 cases conspicuous (figs. 14:7a; 14:16A; 14:22t) (NEM-I 



ATOCERA) 31 



Antennal sacs short, directed posteriorly and laterally, 

 not lying over the eyes; prothoracic respiratory organs! 

 usually rudimentary or lacking (figs. 14:48/; 14:49c, u)\ 



(BRACHYCERA-ORTHORRHAPHA) 17 



Pupa usually more or less enclosed by a fibrous 



cocoon (figs. 14:19n, p; 14:27^) 3 



Pupa without cocoon, though sometimes in a silken 1 



tube 5 



Cocoon cone-shaped or slipperlike (fig. 14:19p), from 

 open end of which the respiratory organs of pupa 

 project; respiratory organs consisting of 4-60 or more 



coarse filaments (fig. 14:19o) SIMULUDAE 



Cocoon conical or cylindrical, with several filaments 

 on margin; respiratory organ of pupa a slender, un- 



branched filament TENDIPEDIDAE (part) 



Body of pupa more or less convex, in most cases 

 hard shelled, attached limpetlike to rocks at stream 



bottom (figs. 14:10a; 14: 11 A; 14:13a, 6, f, g) 6 



Body of pupa not so attached and not limpetlike .... 8 

 Body flattened, shield-shaped; respiratory organs 

 simple, subcylindrical, or ovoid (fig. 14:10a) (Maruina) 



PSYCHODIDAE (part) 



Body more convex 7 



Respiratory organs usually consisting of 4 simple 

 lamellae; antennae not twice-coiled; ventral adhesive 

 discs median in position (fig. 14: 11 A) 



BLEPHARICERIDAE 



Respiratory organs consisting of 3 or 4 crooked projec- 

 tions; antennae of male excessively long, each forming 

 a double coil on the venter; 3 pairs of lateral adhesive 

 discs (fig. 14:13a, b,f, g) . . . . DEUTEROPHLEBIIDAE 

 Leg sheaths straight, projecting beyond ends of wing 

 sheaths, in most cases far beyond; caudal end not 

 paddlelike; usually more than 8 mm. long; pupation 

 usually in sand or mud (figs. 14:4t; 14:7a; 14:8d) .... 9 

 Leg sheaths often curved or folded, projecting little 

 if any beyond ends of wing sheaths (figs. 14:96; 14:18a); 

 caudal end often terminating in a paddle (figs. 14:15/; 



14:16A; 14:22A, i); usually less than 8 mm. long; pupa- 

 tion usually in open water 11 



One of the prothoracic respiratory organs longer than 

 the body, the other short (fig. 14:8c, d,h) 



LIRIOPEIDAE 



Prothoracic respiratory organs less than % of body 

 length, nearly always much shorter and subequal in 



length (figs. 14:4d, i, k, I, m; 14:7) 10 



Head with a high bispinose crest (fig. 14:7); respiratory 

 organs small, smooth, and gradually narrowed to a 



terminal point (fig. 14:76) TANYDERIDAE 



Without the above combination of characters 



TIPULIDAE 



Abdominal segments angular when viewed from above, 

 owing to the acute posterolateral angles of the tergites; 

 thorax corrugated into numerous ridges and hollows; 

 spiracles present on all abdominal segments except 



the 1st and last THAUMALEIDAE 



With other characters 12 



Wing sheaths ending about mid-length of pupa; leg 

 sheaths short, straight, and superimposed (fig. 14:96) 



PSYCHODIDAE (part) 



Wing sheaths ending distinctly before mid-length of 

 pupa when body and leg sheaths are straight, or body 



arched and leg sheaths undulatory 13 



Caudal end of pupa with 2 paddles, each with a midrib 



(figs. 14:15/>; 14:16A) CULICIDAE 



Paddles, if present, without a midrib (fig. 14:22A) 



14 



Swimming paddles consisting of 2 long pointed lobes 

 fused basally, not movable, without long hairs and 

 spines; spiracle situated beyond middle of prothoracic 



