424 



Wirth and Stone: Diptera 



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Family HELEJDAE (-CERAT0P0G0NIDAE) 



The biting midges, often called sand-flies, punkies, 

 or "no-see-ums," are blood-sucking or predaceous 

 relatives of the true midges or Tendipedidae, from 

 which they can be separated by the presence of a 

 well-developed proboscis, wings nearly always super- 

 imposed over the back when at rest, the media nearly 

 always forked, and the postscutellum gently rounded 

 without median furrow (fig. 14:36). Species of the 

 genera Culicoides, Lasiohelea, and Leptoconops are 

 bloodsuckers. Most of the other genera are predaceous 

 on other small, softrbodied insects, but special habits 

 have been developed by some species of Atrichopogon 

 and Forcipomyia, which suck blood from the wing 

 veins or bodies of larger insects, and by the genus 

 Pterobosca in which the tarsi are remarkably modified 

 for attachment to the wings of dragonflies. In the 

 Orient one species of Culicoides habitually takes 

 secondhand vertebrate blood from the abdomens of 

 engorged mosquitoes. 



The immature stages of Heleidae are mostly aquatic 

 their habitats ranging from fresh to salt water. The 

 larvae of most genera are elongate, eellike, and 



