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Fig. 14:36. Culicoides palmerae James, lateral view of 

 female, left wing and right legs removed, with parts labeled 

 (Wirth, 1952). 



legless, and live as predators and scavengers in 

 sand or mud, freely in the water and in algal and 

 moss mats in the water and along the margins of 

 watercourses. Accumulations of water in tree holes 

 or in the bracts of plants are specially favored but 

 limited habitats. Some of the terrestrial species are 

 stouter and setose, with well-developed prolegs, and 

 breed under moist decaying tree bark, in rich damp 

 soil, or in compost piles (figs. 14:39//; 14:41a). The 

 pupae (fig. liiilb-d) are typically conical in shape, 

 with spinose abdomens bearing a pair of pointed 

 apicolateral processes, which in the aquatic species 

 usually aid in working the pupa to just above the 

 water margin when the imago is about to emerge. 



Most of the references to the taxonomy and biology 

 af the biting midges can be found in the paper by 

 Wirth (1952) on California Heleidae, from which most 

 af the following keys and figures were taken. Special 

 nention should be made, however, of ivlalloch's (1915) 

 japer on the Illinois species, Johannsen's (1943) 

 •eview of the genera and checklist of North American 



Fig. 14:37. Leproconops. a-d, L. {reeborni Wirth, female: a, 

 hind tarsus; b, wing; c, antenna; d, apex of abdomen, ventral 

 view, e, L. kerteszi K., male genitalia (Wirth, 1952). 



425 

 Wirth and Stone: Diptero 



species and his (1952) synopsis of the Nov, England 

 species, Mayer's (1934) extensive treatment of the 

 immature stages of the European species, and Thorn- 

 sen's (1937) on the North American larvae and pupae 



Keys to the North American Genera of Heleidae 

 Adults 



1. Cross vein r-m absent (fig. 14:376); anterior media not 

 forked; antennae of female with 12-14 segments (fig. 

 14:37c) (LEPTOCONOPINAE) Leptoconopt £kuse 



— Cross vein r-m present; anterior media with 2 br alio he 

 the posterior branch occasionally interrupted at base 

 or rarely absent; antennae of female 15-segmented 

 (fig. 14:36) 2 



2. Empodium well developed, at least in the female (FOR- 

 CIPOMYIINAE) 3 



— Empodium small or vestigial 5 



3. Wing with microtrichia large, macrotrichia erect and 

 sparse when present; costa to about distal third of wint>; 

 2nd radial cell longer than 1st (fig. 14:38&) 



Atrichopogon Kieffer 



— Wing with microtrichia minute, macrotrichia abundant, 

 long and sloping, often scalelike; costa usually to 

 about middle of wing (fig. 14:38/) 4 



4. Second radial cell longer than 1st, very narrow, ending 

 well beyond middle of wing; posterior wing fringe 

 hairlike (not California) Lasiohelea Kieffer 



— Second radial cell short, not much longer than 1st; 

 posterior wing fringe usually lanceolate 



Forupomyia Meigen 



5. First radial cell nearly or completely obliterated; 

 second obliterated or square-ended, usually ending at 

 or before middle of wing; eyes very short pubescent 

 (fig. 14:38fi0 (DASYHELEINAE) Dasyhelea Kieffer 



— One or both radial cells well developed, the 2nd not 

 markedly square ended, ending past middle of wing; 

 eyes bare (HELEINAE) 6 



6. Media petiolate, forking distad of level of r-m cross 

 vein (fig. 14:38A) 7 



— Media sessile, forking at or proximad of level of cross 

 vein (fig. 14:39/>) (STENOXENINI) 13 



7. Claws of both sexes small, equal, and simple; macro- 

 trichia usually abundant; 2 more or less equal radial 

 cells; humeral pits prominent (fig. 14:36) (CULICO- 

 IDINI) Culicoides Latreille 



— Claws of female large, equal or unequal; macrotrichia 

 absent or scanty; 1 or 2 radial cells, the 2nd often 

 larger than 1st; humeral pits small when present. ... 8 



8. One radial cell; claws equal; femora unarmed (not 

 California Parabezzia Malloch 



— Two anterior radial cells, if the 1st is obsolete the 

 claws are unequal 9 



9. Microtrichia of wing absent, membrane more or less 

 milky white; 2 anterior radial cells more or less equal 

 (HELEINI) 10 



— Microtrichia present; 2nd radial cell longer than 1st 

 (STILOBEZZIINI) 11 



10. Claws of hind leg of female equal; wing usually un- 

 marked; macrotrichia scanty or absent (fig. 14:38r) 

 Helea Meigen 



— Claws of hind leg of female unequal; wing with 2 to 

 12, small, black dots or streaks; macrotrichia numer- 

 ous (fig. 14:38A) Alluaudomyia Kieffer 



11. Claws of female unequal on all legs; 4th tarsal seg- 

 ments bilobed Stilobez-zia Kieffer 



. — Claws on fore and midllegs of female equal; 4th tarsal 

 segments cylindrical or cordate . 12 



12. Hind femora greatly swollen and armed with numerous 

 spines; 4th tarsal segments cordate .. .Serromyia Meigen 



— Hind femora without spines, moderately swollen; 4th 

 tarsal segments cylindrical Monohelea Kieffer 



13. Two radial cells (fig. 14:39a,e) 14 



— One radial cell (fig. 14:39/,A) 22 



