“ARGYNNIS. By Dr. Tu. Leumann. 423 
Semlja, as well as in Arctic North America, from Greenland to New Foundland and Labrador, advancing in the 
West rather far to the south. Whereas in the Eastern Hemisphere it is rather local and not very abundant, 
it is in America quite common among the highest summits of the Rocky Mountains, in Yellowstone Park, in 
British Colombia and Alberta (near Banff and Laggan). It is rather inclined to variation: obscurata M. Lachl. 
is, after 4. polaris, probably the most northerly representative of the genus Argynnis, being found in Grinnels 
Land and on the adjacentislands up to the 80th degree of northern Latitude, whereas in Greenland near Port 
Foulke and Ivigtut on the south-west coast, and on the east coast between the 74. and 76. degree we meet 
with var. arctica Zetterstedt (Vol. I, pl. 68 b), which also occurs in Novaja Semlja. Another form, quite identical 
with the Greenland form arctica, was captured by Youne in Alaska, in the mountains between Forty Mile and 
Mission Creeks, in July, together with A. pales alaskensis Holl. and helena Edw. — The form of Labrador and 
the Rocky Mountains was described as A. boisduvali Dup. — arctica from Greenland deviates, according to its 
author, both from boisduvali and typical specimens of the European chariclea in having on the under surface 
of the hindwings the silvery spot of the median band in cell 4 uncommonly large, clear white, triangular and 
produced distally to a sharp point, reaching far beyond the silvery spot in 3, showing a complete analogy 
with the Novaja Semlja form. — butleri Hdw., described as an aberrative form of arctica, is distinguished by 
the darker colour of the upper surface and the uniformly fulvous outer half of the under surface of the hind- 
wings. It flies together with the main form in western Arctic America (Kotzebue Sound, 67—68° N. L.) as 
well as in Novaja Semlja. boisduvali Dup. was treated by Epwarps and others as separate species, but is not 
always easily distinguished from chariclea, chiefly by the darker ground-colour being more heavily obscured 
at the base and on the outer margin; on the underside of the hindwings the pale streaks are faintly suffused 
with violet, and the median band is densely dusted with yellow-or reddish-brown. Expanse: 9 1,5’’, 2 1,75’. 
From Labrador to British Coiombia and Alaska. 
A. pales Schzj/7. (Vol. I, pl. 671) is another circumpolar species, found throughout northern Europe 
and Central and Northern Asia, and discovered within recent years also in America (Alaska). Specimens from 
north-eastern Alaska (69° 40’ N. Lat. and 141 W. Long.) have in the ¢ the ground-colour bright fulvous, with 
the black markings moderately heavy. the forewings dusted with fuscous at the base, the hindwing broadly 
shaded with greenish-black as far as the apex of the cell and nearly .to the anal angle. Both wings densely 
clothed with hair in the inner half. Underneath it resembles ewpales Fruhst. (Vol. I, pl. 68 b), in the uncom- 
monly variegated markings of the hindwings. Forewings light fulvous, somewhat paler distally, with reddish- 
brown dashes at the apex and on the upper part of the termen, the black markings very faintly showing 
through from above. Hindwings cinnamon-brown, marked with greenish-yellow spots at the base, a strongly 
denticulate and deeply notched median band of yellowish-green colour, and the termen similarly shaded at 
the middle and apex. The median spots of the upper surface reappear underneath in the shape of small black- 
ringed ocelli; the marginal spots and a few patches in the median and basal areas slightly silvered. Q rather 
paler than 3, with the black markings heavier and the greenish-black shading more extensive. Under surface 
asin 3, but the gaudy markings of the hindwings even more pronounced, the greenish bands and spots contra- 
sting more sharply with the darker ground. Expanse: 1,2’. — A somewhat different form, from Central 
Alaska, was described as ab. alaskensis Holl. (87¢). 1 g taken in July 1899 in the Clondyke District, among 
the mountains between Forty-Mile and Mission Creeks. Differs from the northern form and from typical Euro- 
pean pales in the extremely brillant colouring of the upper surface, with the markings very fine and almost 
obsolete in the discal area. On both wings the black basal shading is much less pronounced, reaching at the 
most the middle of the cell. Above it resembles most pales generator Sigr. from Central Asia; underneath 
it quite agrees with normal pales. Expanse: 1,3”. 
A. freya Thunberg (Vol. I, pl. 68c) has an enormous range of distribution, extending from northern 
Scandinavia through Russia and Siberia to North America, without varying to any extent. It is nowhere 
scarce on peatbogs and in swampy meadows. Specimens from Yellowstone Park differ in no way from those 
taken in Lapland or Siberia. But its range varies greatly as we go Hast: Whereas in Europe the species is 
almost entirely confined to the Arctic Region, hardly descending below Latitude 59°, its northern limits being 
Lat. 70°, we find it in Eastern Asia still between Latitude 50° and 60°, and in North America it descends 
at least to the 40th degree of N. Lat. (on the highest summits of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado), its 
northern limits being here about Lat. 64°, on the Forty-Mile Creek in the Clondyke District (Youne). This 
may only be explained by the more or less similar climate and flora of the more southern ranges of the Rocky 
Mountains. The upper surface of freya is pale fulvous, the forewings at the base, and the hindwings on the 
inner half deeply obscured with fuscous. All the markings very heavy. Under surface: Forewings very pale 
fulvous, with the apex yellowish and mottled with rusty-brown. Hindwings ferruginous, shaded with yellow 
in the inner half, marked with pale yellow or whitish spots and dashes and a series of small terminal lunules, 
obseurata. 
arctica. 
boisduvali. 
butleri. 
pales. 
alaskensis. 
freya. 
