tarquinius. 
polaris. 
americana. 
frigga. 
saga. 
improba. 
alaskensis. 
bellona. 
424 ARGYNNIS. By Dr. Tu. Leumann. 
slightly silvered. Expanse: 1,4—1,5’’. — tarquinius Curt. refers to specimens from British Colombia and far- 
ther north, differing but little from the main form in their smaller size. 
A. polaris Bsd. (87f, Vol. I, pl. 71 e) resembles the preceding species, but is more variable. Upper 
surface dull fulvous, the markings on the inner half of both wings broadly diffuse, almost obscured by the dark 
shading of the basal area. The median area defined outwardly by an irregular heavy undulate band. The sub- 
marginal row of spots regular and very distinct; the marginal border marked by black spots at the end 
of the veins separated by streaks of the light ground-colour. On the under surface the forewings are rather 
paler fulvous, with the markings almost as distinct as above; the marginal area with a series of yellowish- 
white streaks placed vertically to the termen. Hindwing deep ferruginous, the bands and spots whitish, 
with a faint nacreous lustre in the basal half, standing out clearly from the ground. polaris which also oc- 
curs in Europe, goes among all Argynnis farthest north. In America we find it from Labrador to Greenland 
(to 81° 52’ N. Lat.), in Alaska about to Latitude 70°, whereas in Europe Latitude 71 is its northern limit. The 
Greenland form of which a number of specimens was collected by the second Norwegian Arctic Expedition 
of the ‘Fram’ (1898—1902) on Ellesmere Land, in June and July, described as v. americana Strand, varies 
considerably in size (from 1,4—1,8’’). From the Lapland form it differs, according to its author, on the under 
surface of the hindwings by the following characteristics: Nerwegian specimens have in the median band the 
white spot in cell 7 more deeply notched on the inside and produced to two sharper points; in the terminal 
area the pale dash on rib 4 generally is more distinct, and the hindmost of the white basal spots (in cell 1 c) 
is longer and sharply pointed outwardly, whereas in Greenland specimens it appears bluntly rounded or cut 
off straight across. Finally the pale streak in the outer interspace seems more distinct in the European form. 
Specimens received by Prof. Sxrrz from north-eastern Alaska (69° 40’ N. Lat.) do not differ appreciably from 
the Palaearctic form. 
A. frigga Thunbg. (Vol. I, pl. 68 c) rather closely resembles polaris above. Pale fulvous, the markings 
heavy, rather diffuse; the black marginal lunules are confluent, forming a narrow, diffuse band, parallel with 
which is a row of submarginal spots. Forewings at the base and the hindwings on the inner two thirds heavily 
shaded with fuscous. Under surface characterized by the broadly cinnamon-brown apex and termen of the fore- 
wings which are otherwise pale fulvous, spotted with yellow at the apex of the cell. Hindwings cinnamon-or 
rusty-brown, the outer third laved with purplish-grey, especially at the outer angle; the median band dusted 
with brown, frequently only indicated by a few darkish, irregular spots standing out more or less prominently 
from the ground-colour. On the costa near the base a large, very conspicuous whitish rhombic spot. 
2 but slightly different from ¢ in that the spots on the under surface of the hindwings are lighter and more 
sharply defined. Expanse: 1,6—2,0’. frigga is, like the two preceding species, a cirecumpolar, rather variable 
species, occurring as well in Europe (Finland) and Siberia as far as Novaja Semlja as in Boreal America, advanc- 
ing in the western Hemisphere southward about to Lat. 40° (in Colorado). Several varieties have been descri- 
bed: saga Sigr., the most southern form, extending from Colorado where it is rather scarce, to Lat. 63°, and from 
the Rocky Mountains eastward to Labrador. It differs from the main form in having the pale whitish or yellow- 
ish portions of the underside of the hindwings partially obscured, the large spot at the costa excepted which 
remains white even in the still darker var. improba. — improba Bilr. is a much smaller, purely arctic form, 
found in America and in the farthest North of Siberia (MarKHam), advancing both in the Keast and West of the 
American Continent to 68° N. Lat. (RicHarpson). From the main form it deviates in having the ground- 
colour much darker, the markings more diffuse, the median band brighter yellowish, dusted with reddish-brown, 
and the costal spot on the under surface of the hindwings faintly tinged with bluish. A © from Baffins- 
land, in the Tring Museum, only measures 1,4’’; — another 2 received by Prof. Snrrz from north-eastern 
Alaska (69° 40’ N. Lat., 141° W. Long.) = fa. alaskensis /a. nov. (87 c) is distinguished by its larger size (2,0’’), 
and the much lighter, pale yellowish-fulvous colouring especially of the forewings; the latter have the median 
band broad, somewhat diffuse, but the base but slightly obscured and the postdiscal row of dots relatively 
insignificant. On the other hand the hindwings have the inner two thirds almost wholly deep grey-fuscous,” 
with the exception of 3 small transcellular spots of the ground-colour, but the markings of the outer margin 
rather feeble. The under surface is on the whole somewhat paler than in the allied forms, the markings of the 
hindwings are more sharply defined, the pale median band of spots likewise distinct, dusted with reddish- 
brown, very much as in saga, and margined distally by a broad, uncommonly dark band of cinnamon-brown 
colour. Otherwise the underside does not differ from that of normal specimens. 
A. bellona F. (87f) is, in contradistinction to the last-mentioned forms, a purely American species. 
The forewings have the termen angled and bluntly produced under the apex. Upper surface fulvous, the black 
markings of the basal half more or less confluent, in the outer half less developed. Under surface of forewings 
pale fulvous, shaded with purplish-brown at the apex and on the termen. Hindwings rusty-brown, the basal half 
