MELITAEA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 431 
black with numerous larger spots of sulphur-yellow, only at the apex of the forewing some small fulvous spots. 
Underneath the forewings are fulvous, the hindwings banded with brown and yellow. — Egg at first pale 
yellow, later on darker; caterpillar full grown black, finely speckled with white, with single black spines, shaded 
with orange-red (dorsally) or blackish-blue ringed with orange, but longer than in phaéton; head bifid, black, 
flat. Pupa pearly-white, shaded with yellow, marked with fine black dots and streaks; abdomen ringed with 
chains of small orange tubercles. The caterpillar feeds on Scrophularia, also on Dipsacus, Castileja and Lonicera. 
Imago trom April to the middle of July, forming two broods gradually passing into one another, but in 
the northernmost part of its range only one brood. ¢ is a strong flier; it has the habit of chasing and 
driving away other butterflies; quite common in the Pacific States, especially in northern California. The 
clumsy © flies but little; the species, especially the 2, is very variable, some specimens being altogether black, 
others quite yellow. These variations were described as fusimacula and mariana; also cases of aberrative 
colouring are known, as f. 1. dwinellet H. Edw., which has either the ground-colour of the forewings or 
the spots coloured ochreous-brown. 
M. cooperi Behr. (= perdiccas Hdw.) (88 a) is considerably smaller than typical chalcedon, which it greatly cooperi. 
resembles above: but underneath the ivory-yellow spots of the basal area on the hindwings are arranged in a 
more regular band confluescing with the yellow spot which in chalcedon stands isolated within the redbrown 
subbasal band; this spot is in coopert larger. On the hindwings the ferruginous band before the outer 
third is more strongly curved, and the yellow spots on the under surface of the forewings are reduced. Ca- 
lifornia. 
M. olancha Wright (88b). This form which, like the preceding ones, occurs in the western United olancha. 
States, has the spots of the upper surface resembling those of chalcedon, but whereas those in the basal area 
are reduced in size, those of the disk and marginal area are enlarged. The usually yellow spots are, moreover, 
in either sex both above and underneath much paler, nearly ivory-white; also the under surface, especially the 
fulvous bands of the hindwings, paler. 
M. macglashani Riv. (88 b) is even larger than chalcedon, exceeding all other Melitaeas in size. Similar macglashani. 
to chalcedon, but easily distinguished by the large reddish-brown marginal spots on both wings. Also in the 
discal area we find between the pale yellow markings of the black bands brick-red spots. California; apparently 
not scarce in certain localities. 
M. quino Behr. (88b). Like chalcedon, the spots above smaller, but more sharply defined; differs quino. 
especially on the under surface, where the entire markings are more varied, the spots largely divided by darker 
stripes, with more distinct blackish borders, only a small central spot of fulvous remaining. On the forewings 
the terminal pale spots are smaller, but sharper, nearly white in colour, the cell on the under surface more 
extensively marked with black. California. 
M. colon Hdw. (88 b) very closely resembles the preceding species, from which it represents a passage to colon. 
chalcedon in having the brick-red marginal spots greatly reduced. Also the pale yellow spots may be much smaller 
and paler, some of them almost white, approaching faylori from Vancouver. Like the preceding, probably 
only a form of chalcedon. From the Columbia River District, Washington and Oregon. 
M. taylori Edw. (88 b) is even smaller than the preceding, intermediate between it and baroni which it taylori. 
replaces in the North; the spots are much brighter and more brillant red than in the preceding; it some- 
what resembles the European aurinia, which is the more remarkable since the larva likewise lives on Plantago. 
Vancouver. 
M. anicia Dbl. and Hew. nec Scudd. (88b). Like the preceding ones closely allied to chalcedon, but anicia. 
much smaller; the yellow bands above narrower, duller, occasionally slightly interrupted; but the marginal 
borders entirely fulvous, and also the black ground-colour is largely replaced by fulvous. In western North 
America, from British Columbia to Montana and Colorado. — beani Skinn. (88 b)from the mountains in Alberta beani. 
is as a rule even smaller and darker, the markings more dull. 
M. colonia Wr. 3 with alternating brick-red and ivory-yellow rows of spots on black ground, very closely colonia. 
resembling the European Mel. maturna, but differing in the position of the bands, as is seen in our figure 
of the 2 which latter deviates from the Jin the reduction of the black ground-colour. Also the under surface 
of this species which is entirely confined to the west-coast cf North America, strongly reminds us of maturna. 
Apparently local and not far distributed. 
M. nubigena Behr (88 c) is generally larger than beani and redder, the much more brillant brick-red nubigena. 
colouring crowding out not only the black ground-colour, but also the yellow which is preserved distinct 
only in the narrow macular rows in the costal area of the forewing, and in and behind the cell. Rocky 
Mountains; quite common. — wheeleri Hy. Hdw. (= capella Barn.) (88 c) is the fiery-red Californian form, wheeleri. 
frequently distinguished by a complete, pale macular band before the outer third of the forewings. — A 
close ally is editha Bsd. (= anicia Scudd. nec Dbl. and Hew.) (88b), which is the other extreme. The red editha. 
of the upper surface is replaced by a dull blackish-grey, the yellow macular bands oblique, dull and pale, 
but well developed; altogether the upper surface resembles that of a pale specimen of taylori; underneath 
