Publ. 19. VI. 1914. CALLIZONA; PYRRHOGYRA. By Dr. A. Sxrrz. 473 
it resembles the otherwise quite dissimilar long-tailed Hypna clytemnestra. But it mostly flies a little higher 
and likes to rest 2—3 m high on the trunks of trees, with closed wings and head downwards. I have never 
seen it visiting a flower. — The larva is also to be found the most frequently of all the butterfly-larvae. It 
is black with yellow spines, yellow transverse bands and yellow, mostly black-pointed horns on the head that 
are not straight (as in SEpp’s illustration), but slightly tortous. In another form — dircoides Sepp (97 b) — 
which is said also to produce smaller butterflies, the front spines are not yellow and the lemon-yellow trans- 
verse bands are missing. At first it lives gregariously on the Embauba tree and Cassia, but seems to drop down 
very easily, for it is often found creeping on the road. The pupa is wood-coloured and resembles exactly a splinter 
of the plank on which it is usually hanging. The front is quite straight, the head has two short points, but 
the back of the abdomen has a number of prongs turned upwards, as if the small piece of wood the pupa 
feigns to represent were splintered here. The butterflies are common; before sitting down on the trunk of a tree, 
they often use to circle round the chosen resting-place for a long time. Kaye states that the butterfly is stridu- 
lating when flying, like the Ageronia-species; I have never heard such a stridulation in Gynaecia. 
28. Genus: Callizoma Dol. 
Very similar to the preceding genus, the larvae, however, with shorter horns on the head and pretty 
short spines, the pupa with long antler-like appendages on the head, and on the back of the abdomen instead 
of the splinter-like continuations there are short spikes; the butterflies have more obtuse forewings and rounded 
hindwings, the latter without the straight distal margin and without the anal-lobe. From Costa Rica throughout 
Colombia to Guiana and Peru. 
C. acesta LZ. (97a). Beneath almost like Gynaecia dirce, but smaller and: above orange-coloured with 
a similar oblique band of the forewings and little white spots before the apex. Central America to Guiana. 
Specimens from the Upper Amazon were described as fulvescens Bé/r. (97 a); their orange-coloured transverse 
band commingles here and there with the orange-coloured base-half, and with latifascia Btlr. (97 a) from the 
more southern Peru (Chanchamayo) and Bolivia the oblique band is broader and lemon-coloured. — Larva 
light green, often tinged yellowish, with light green lateral stripe, beneath darker coloured, head and spines 
black; on cocoa (Theobroma). Pupa greenish-yellow, red-toned with branched wing-like continuations on 
the head, small white points, green spikes and black markings. Not rare. 
G. Group Epicaliidi. 
By far the most varied group to which most of the neotropical Nymphalidae belong. They show deci- 
dedly the characteristic markings of the tropical American butterflies: bands and oblique spots of brilliant 
metal blue, orange-colour or hemochrome on jet-black ground. There is hardly any retrogression noticeable 
with respect to the spines of the larvae in comparison to the copious branched spines of the Vanessidi, H ypo- 
limnadidi or Gynaeciidi. In the genuine Hpicalia there is a very remarkable sexual dimorphism prevailing; in 
the Hunica and homogeneous species it is by far less, mostly only reflection in the g, white spots in the 9; 
finally in the Catagramma and their homogeneous species, the Pyrrhogyra etc. it is almost totally missing. 
The animals are absolutely tropical. and of the whole great number of butterflies belonging to this group, only 
2 Bunica and one Callicore reach the very utmost southern extremity of the United States. Nor did I discover 
near Buenos Ayres any more species, although in the forests of the hinter-land the last remainders of this branch 
of the Nymphalidae may still be found. 
29. Genus: Pyrrhogyra Hon. 
The 6—8 species of this genus reaching from Honduras to Paraguay, which are, however, sometimes 
missing even in woody districts *), are very similar to each other, especially on the under surface. Above they 
are black with a white or light green subapical spot and a similar median band; the lower surface is prepon- 
derantly white with broad dark distal margin and a hemochrome dark-edged line very characteristic of the 
genus, surrounding the light inner part and often also the apical spot. 
Head strong with thick bare protruding eyes and strong palps sometimes prolonged like a nose. Antenna 
thin, gradually quite slightly thickened. Body tender, abdomen very slender. Wings broad, margin of the 
forewings curved, of the hindwings dentated or undulated, in the centre angled. On the forewing the costal 
and median are thickened at the base, but not properly inflated. Cells of all wings closed. 
The larvae are still very little known. Their spines bring them in close contact with Hunica, Temenis 
and Epiphile; they have well and uniformly developed dorsal spines, but as much as is to be seen from the 
illustrations, the lateral spines are less developed. The pupa shows the same peculiar attachment as that of 
*) As for instance near Rio de Janeiro. 
Vv 60 
dircoides. 
acesta. 
fulvescens. 
latifascia. 
