HAEMATERA; LIMENITIDI. By Dr. A. Serrz. 509 
C. pandama Dd/. and Hew. (102 Bh). Of a deep darkbrown, the black apical part of the forewings 
divided by an oblique orange band; before the apex a small white spot. Beneath the forewings exhibit a red 
proximal part, the hindwings 4 rings combined to 2 eights. Mexico to Panama. Not rare. 
C. bachis Dbd/. (= bimaculata Hew.) (103 Aa). Beneath quite similar to the preceding species, but 
above we notice instead of the orange band another larger white oblique spot. The forewings are in their 
basal part of a lustrous lilac, the hindwings blue. Only in Mexico (e. g. Oaxaca), not common. 
48. Genus: Haematera Dodi. 
The charming little butterflies forming this little genus, are above dark brown and scarlet or vermilion. 
Beneath the forewings are quite like those of a Callicore, but the hindwings are of a leaf-like colour without 
the characteristic lines and marks of the preceding genera. Systematically, the nature of the palpi, their 
hair etc. brings them nearest to the Cyclogramma. The larvae, according to W. Miiier, also point to- 
wards this group; they live on Sapindaceae. The main difference between the Haematera and the preceding 
genera may be caused by the biological habits of the two groups, consisting in the Callicore displaying adorning 
colours, the Haematera, however, defensive colours, on their under surface. In South Brazil I found, towards 
evening, sleeping Callicore though very rarely when searching through the bushes for larvae. I noticed them 
then in the very interior of the bushes resting entirely hidden on the principal stalk, with their wings drawn 
in and their head turned downwards; Haematera pyramus, however, which is common in some districts 
of South Brazil, I roused out of the ends of the twigs of bushes where it had been resting quite free and 
unnoticeable, protected by the under surface and resembling a dry leaflet. 
On the forewing, the first subcostal vein arises- immediately before the cell-end, the second something 
beyond it: the upper discocellular is longer than in the other Catagrammidi, the lower one being absent as the 
median one bends round immediately into the middle radial. The chief veins are slightly thickened at the 
base of the forewings, though not properly enlarged to a blister. The larva has, only as long as it is quite 
small, minute spinal stumps which disappear soon and turn into white granulations. The butterflies fly in the 
sunshine on roads and near bushes. 
H. pyramus. There is probably only one species in this genus, although some authors presume two or 
three. — pyramus /. (102 Bg) is the name of the Brazilian form the 9 of which has only a narrow hemo- 
chrome band of the forewings, and on the hindwings a faint red median cloud at most. I took this animal in 
the very southernmost part of Brazil. To this 9 with totally or almost totally brown hindwings belongs the 3 
form having broad brown wing-bases on the fore-and hindwings. — thysbe Dbl. and Hew. (102 Bh), further- 
more, is the northern form with quite red forewings (except the apical part) and with also more red in 
the hindwing. In the forewings hardly the outermost base is yet dull brown, and I possess gg from Colombia 
in which the darkening of the wing-base is absent altogether; this form flies from the Amazon in the whole 
of the northern parts of South America. — rubra Kaye, from Trinidad is one of those rather widely spread 
intermediate forms the 3 of which has the forewings of thysbe and the hindwings of pyramus, described already 
by STAUDINGER without denominating them. — Larva green, with white ripples, in the middle strongly thickened, 
only on the sides small stunted spines and on the head 2 long branched horns; no lateral stripe. It lives 
on Urvillea ulmacea and rests, like an Apatura-larva, with drooping head and the horns placed upon the 
spot where it lies. After 3 or 4 weeks it turns into a green, white-rippled pupa of about the shape of an 
Araschnia prorsa-pupa, issuing the butterfly after some days. The butterflies are found everywhere in tropical 
South America, occur in great numbers in some years and are fond of wet places on the road and of the banks 
of brooks where they are sometimes met in numbers together; when being chased up they flutter on a 
neighbouring twig of a bush where they wait until the danger has disappeared. According to the district 
where they fly, we find transitions to the form described first so that we could give many denominations. 
Group Limenitidi. 
The Limenitidi which do not occur in Africa and Australia, but which are otherwise spread over all 
the temperate and warm regions of the globe, show a special liking for a black upper surface traversed 
by a white postmedian band and for a variegated under surface. Almost only where mimetic influences have 
destroyed the original design of colouring or where there is an overlayer of metal colours, we notice thorough 
deviations; but also in the latter case, e. g. in Dynamine, the original colour penetrates again in the 9@ in case 
they lack the metal colours. The Dynamine which we have, according to the catalogue-works, been trea- 
ting of after the Catagrammidi, ought more correctly to be placed here *). — The larvae of the Limenitidi 
have peculiarly reduced spines, since a number of the originally present spines disappear later on, while 
some few others grow into paired spinous clubs or into not paired cones. Only the Dynamine-larva deviates 

*) Anatomically they stand rather isolated. The extremely long penis and saccus are absolutely apaturoidal, the 
robust uncus limenitoidal, and the magnificently formed valve is, with respect to the structural boldness only rivalled by 
some Arygynnidi. (H. FRUHSTORFER.) 
pandama. 
bachis. 
pyramus. 
thysbe. 
rubra. 
