510 ADELPHA. By H. FRUHSTORFER. 
from this type, as it is in the habit of eating into buds, the anterior part of the larva being, therefore, smooth 
in order not to be hindered when boring its way. The pupa is characterized by an appendage on the back, 
which has been described more exactly in the different genera; the head without any proper tips, but some- 
times with peculiar wing-appendages, the latter, however, mostly in Indian species. The butterflies are fond 
of forest-roads on which they flutter up and down sailing by jerks; they are mostly excellent flyers and 
visit wet places on the road and the banks of brooks, some come to the bait, many like also flowers. 
49. Genus: Adelpha don. 
This polymorphous genus is surpassed, as to the copiousness of species, only by few other genera 
and must undoubtedly be regarded as the most multiform genus of the Limenitidi of the whole globe. As 
to the number of species it is excelled only by the neotropical genera Heliconius, Actinote, Phyciodes and, 
eventually, the Indo-Australian Neptidi. 
The Adelpha, however, are not alone conspicuous by their copious species, but they presumably 
also beat all the other neotropical genera of the Nymphalidae by their abundance of individuals. They 
are reckoned to the characteristic landscape butterflies that are to be found most anywhere, just like the 
Neptidi on the Indo-Australian soil. 
Structurally they are so nearly allied with the genus Limenitis that thorough differences cannot be 
brought into prominence at all; but they have less hairy palpi and thinner forefeet of the gg. They also 
all have hairy eyes, whereas in the Indian allies there are alternatively rows of species with hairy and 
hairless eyes. 
The branching off of the subcostal veins is exactly like in Limenitis; also here the second and third 
veins are, at their origin, for a short distance lying close to the main vein. The cell of the forewing is 
always closed by a fine, somewhat bent posterior discocellular connecting the median either aslant or vertically, 
shortly after the second vein; the cell of the hindwing is open. The precostal is bent distally and stands exactly 
at the origin of the subcostal. — The forefeet of the $3 are very fine and thin, with scales. Tarsus 24 of the 
tibia which is but a little shorter than the femur. 
In the veins of the forewings some species (lara Hew., isis Drury, epione Godt.) differ by the second 
subcostal vein arising after the cell-end. These species are also quite differently coloured, but they agree well 
with the type in all the other characteristics so that only a subgeneral separation might be permitted. 
In spite of the manifold species most of the Adelpha have the same typical habitus and the scheme of 
markings by which they are recognizable at first sight. Only the above mentioned species, that also differ 
in the veins, are of entirely deviating colours and also habitus: A. lara and isis have a carmine transverse 
band across the black forewings, epione a white one. The greatest part of the Adelpha, however, has on a 
blackish-brown, dark-striped ground either an orange-yellow or white longitudinal band varying often, decrea- 
sing in size or dissolving into spots, or disappearing altogether on one wing. Often the band of the fore- 
wing is orange, that of the hindwing white, thus varying in the most manifold way and still adhering to 
the general type. 
The position of the orange-coloured preapical spot of some series of species is of special importance 
for the grouping of the species, but all the characteristica are still fluctuating, especially also the reverse 
side the strange striation of which varies not only according to the geographical situation, but also temporally 
and individually. Except the Phyciodes and certain Huthaliidae there is, therefore, hardly any genus of 
the Rhopalocera offering greater difficulties to the systematical and synoptical treatment, than this genus. 
Moreover, also the anatomy of the sexual organs in allied species issues but uncertain clues. The clasping-organs 
are entirely limenitoidal and, in their large outlines, approach those of the genus Pantoporia (Athyma) in 
such a way that, according to the state of our present, rather still primitive knowledge, it would be quite 
impossible to ascertain where organs or photoes of them belong to, which are not denominated. 
According to about 60 species and forms I examined there are two principal groups distinguishable: 
«) Valve with dorsal appendage which may be rudimentary or, in all the intermediate stages grows 
up to 44 of the length of the valve. 
8) Valve without dorsal appendage. 
The first group is partly combined with an extremely long, narrow and partly sharp-pointed uncus, 
but the shape of the uncus varies in the other species from a sharp, nicely shaped, slender and bent point, up 
to broad clumsy appendages. The valve has always a dorsal groove already noticed by GopMan and Saty1n, and 
is mostly ventrally dentate. There are, however, all the transitions possible up to entirely unarmed valves 
being then formed especially athymoidal. The valve may be simply cylindrical or ventrally uncommonly expanded, 
and beside slender forms with an obtuse end there exist also nearly square ones with 2 or 3 small acicular 
teeth (resembling a Limenitis procris from India and Ceylon). Penis as a rule short, obtuse, but there are 
also species with extremely pointed, unciformly curved end. Saccus expanded in the shape of a spoon. Valve 
