HYPNA; PROTOGONIUS. By J. Roser. 579 
since not only the upper surface, but also the lower one differs greatly from the other forms. Whether only 
this form occurs in Leopoldina, we do not know; most of the forms described above are not bound to a certain 
locality. — The grown-up larva of strigosa has a blackish-grey head, a dull brownish-green ground-colouring 
of the body with a reddish tinge, the dorsal line of a deep black, the other dorsal part blackish-green, at the 
sides there are blurred pale stripes. The pupa is most similar to that of nemesis. 
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63. Genus: Hypma Hor. 
This genus is nearly allied to Protogonius, differs, however, already exteriorly by the shape of the fore- 
wings exhibiting either a normally shaped or but little prolonged apex; the shape of the hindwings also differs 
considerably from that of Protogonius. From the latter as well as from Anaea to which it is closely allied, the 
under surface likewise differs by its silvery spots. This genus, being distributed from Central America to South 
Brazil, contains but few species very similar to each other. Of the early stages only the pupa is known, resem- 
bling that of Protogonius drurti. According to A. Sxrrz, the butterfly has a clumsy, irregular, but still hurried 
flight. The butterflies are to be met nearly all the year round. 
H. clytemnestra Cr. from Surinam differs from the South Brazilian form (occurring also in Panama 7) 
huebneri Sé/r. (116d, 117 a) only by the presence of at most one of the white subapical spots on the upper 
surface of the forewings. — In globosa Btlr. from Bolivia the basal part of the upper surface of the forewings 
is greenish, whereas negra F/dr. from the Rio Negro exhibits a less protracted apex of the forewing and a shorter 
tail of the hindwing. — velox Bélr. from Veragua has more robust tails of the hindwings, and elongata Btir. 
from Santa Martha an obtuse apex of the forewing and a greenish under surface. 
H. rufescens Stlr. (116d) from Venezuela is to be regarded as a proper species, because it occurs 
without any transitions at the same place with clytemnestra. The under surface resembles on the whole that 
of clytemnestra, but the hindwings exhibit much red-brown marking. — forbesi G. and S. from Pernambuco is 
smaller and has a purely white band of the forewing. 
H. iphigenia H. Schaff. (116 d) from Cuba has larger metal-spots on the under surface than rufescens 
from which it also differs considerably above, as is shown by the figure; the ground-colour is a bright red-brown. 
Of the 2° only those of huebnert and iphigenia are known; they do not exhibit any sexual difference. 
64. Genus: Protogonius Hon. 
We regard all the hitherto described members of this genus, being distributed from Mexico to South 
Brazil, as forms of but one species. The animals are so well characterized by their outward appearance that 
it is quite impossible to confound them with other genera. Although the butterflies exhibit a sight quite different 
from the Anaea, yet, by the inner structure of the butterfly as well as by the shape and habits of the larva 
it is evident that they are closely allied to the Anaea. By the colouring and marking the butterflies greatly 
resemble certain species of Heliconius from which they differ, however, at first sight by the very peculiar shape 
of the wings. — The larva was known already to the early authors, for Stout gives the following report about 
them: ,,The larva is dark green and has a brown, nearly black stripe across the back, also at the sides 
such spots and stripes (on each of the anterior and posterior rings two, on each of the 4 middle rings 3 longi- 
tudinal stripes, and on the last segment 2 transverse stripes). The feet are dark green. The head has a black 
colour with green stripes and is decorated with two obtuse horns. On the upper part of it there are two, and 
next to the first ring, on both sides, three yellowish round maculae. It feeds, though only at night, on the 
leaves of a kind of pepper (Piper nigrum). During the day it hides in a leaf, the rims of which it draws 
in by means of its spinning and rolls it up. It seems to live there like under a roof and to protect itself against 
the heat of the sun. After the last skinning it turns into a short stout chrysalis hanging down freely. 
The latter is of a pale grey colour marked with brown spots and stripes. The imago appears generally after 
eleven days. These statements refer to the form from Surinam, hippona F. According to Sepp, the larva 
is said to live also on Mespilus americana, whereas the South Brazilian form drurii Bitlr., according to W. 
MveE.LteR, has been found on Piper gaudichaudii Miqu. The larva of this form differs by the lateral stripes 
being flown together into one single broad interrupted stripe which is coloured black-red. The pupa bears 
on its head 2 yery flat coniform appendages, is green diaphanous and on the rings 7 to 10 tinged white. 
The flight of the butterflies, according to A. Seirz, by the irregularity of the movements of the wings, 
reminds us rather of some Satyridae than of that of the Nymphalidae darting along by jerks with their wings 
stretched. According to A. Srirz, the genus Protogonius is doubly protected: while at rest, the butterfly 
resembles a long-petioled dry leaf, while flying, it agrees with Heliconius narcaea (72 a). 
clylem- 
neslra. 
huebneri. 
globosa. 
negra. 
velox. 
clongata. 
rufescens. 
forbesi. 
iphigenia. 
