ANAEA. By J. Rozur. 581 
¢ 
We can by no means affirm that these conditions are fully cleared up, for of many ,,species‘* only one sex 
is known; it is, therefore, not unlikely that by the result of future investigations several ,,species will 
have to be abolished. The variability is also extremely great in many species in both sexes; according to 
several authors there occur in one and the same species forms with a plain or protracted apex of the fore- 
wing, a straight or curved distal margin, a straight or more or less deeply indented proximal margin of the 
forewing, with smooth or angled or even tailed hindwings. Thus it is in many cases very difficult to define 
sharply the single species, so that even authors having abundant material at their disposal (e. g. O. STAUDINGER) 
were not able to discern whether certain specimens were to be regarded as deviating specimens of a species or 
as representatives of another species. As we have of most of the species no abundant material at our disposal, 
which might contribute to the clearing up of these questions, we must confine ourselves to the approval of 
the statements of other authors. In the following discussion of the species we shall, therefore, chiefly follow 
the revision of the genus Anaea by HERBERT DRucE published in the year 1877. 
According to W. Muster, the larvae live on Piper obliquum, Piper robrii, Nectandra vaga, Goeppertia 
hirsuta, Camphoromoea litsaeifolia and Croton (staminosus? macrobotrys?); they are slender, in the anterior 
third somewhat thickened and have small short horns on the head; they live in cases which they construct 
by rolling up a leaf. The pupae are short and stout, of a shape similar to that of Charaxes jasius. A. H. 
Fasst discovered the eggs, larvae and pupae of several species; the eggs are globular, smoothly shelled, and 
of a light colour. 
Dr. Sertz also reports in a letter about the striking biological resemblance of Anaea with the palaearctic Cha- 
rawes: ,,Not quite a fortnight after having carefully observed the Charaaxes jasius on the banks of the Tajo, I came across 
the Anaea in Brazil already on my first excursion, and I was quite surprised at the striking homogeneousness in the 
behaviour of these two genera. The mere rumbling, shaking flight of an Anaea dashing off (the so-called ,,rushing* flight) 
is exactly like that of a Charaxes after which one has struck in vain. It scarcely resembles the partly fluttering, partly 
dangling flight noticed in both of them on making their reconnoitring expeditions, when they leave their lookout on dry 
branches or leafless posts in order to fly about for a short while. Quite uncommon is the way in which Anaea and Cha- 
raxes often rest on the under surface of thick, leafless branches of trees. Also the wings being generally quite or almost 
closed and being often intermittently opened but quite slightly (so that one may just peep into them), are hardly met 
in any Nymphalidae of other groups and quite impossible in Vanessa, Precis, Apatura, Limenitis, Ageronia etc. I never 
saw a Charaxes or Anaca with its wings spread out as seen daily in the Nymphalidae, and the two always kept at an 
altitude just fo be reached yet with the net, unless they were forced down by hunger. Both are characterized by a certain 
awkwardness and unwieldiness in spite of all their strength and swiftness, whereby they contrast remarkably with the 
most graceful Apatura and just those other Nymphalidae with which they agree in the splendour of the reflection on the 
wings. as for instance the Catagramma, Myscelia, Nessaea etc. I was extremely struck also by the resting Anaea as well 
as Charaxes raising the forewings strangely far out from the closed hindwings. Unfortunately I was not able to see whether 
in the Anaea this is called forth by the excision of the wings at the proximal margin, the hook at the posterior angle 
attaching itself on behind the hindwing. Still it is remarkable that this excision of the wings is found also in some Cha- 
races (such as lichas) and that the morphological results by which REuTER was induced to place Charaxes and Anaca 
closely together, are confirmed by biological observations. 
In open spaces in the woods where one has once observed Anaea, one may be certain to meet some more specimens 
of the same species: they are mostly met at the same spot of the clearing, often even at the same tree, just like in Cha- 
Taxes. 


According to A. Serrz, the behaviour of the species with a leaf-like under surface shows that they are 
well aware of this protection, for they rest on the branches in such a way that they show solely their under 
surface, whereby they become similar to their surroundings and are thus not conspicuous; other species 
without this protection of the under surface keep — though rarely — their wings open in sitting. The Anaea 
are partly common and widely distributed, others are confined to small districts where they are not rare, others, 
however, widely distributed and everywhere scarce. Mr, A. H. Fasst wrote the following statements about 
the occurrence and habits of single species: Anaea inhabits in the groups of wenocles, phidile, artacaena, glauce, 
panariste the hot zone below 1000 m, whereas nessus, tyrianthina, nesea, titan, moeris, lineata, pasibula, polyxo 
are decidedly mountainous animals, occurring mostly about 2000 m. At the highest elevation (2000 m) I cap- 
tured moeris and rosae. The Anaea come to the bait, but less to places near brooks; but sometimes I also 
took them on the exudation of damaged trees. The flight is, at least in the tailed forms, somewhat limping, 
but rather swift. The 9° of panariste and its allies imitate the Lycoreae flying quite similarly and slowly 
like them (also like their other imitators Protogonius, Papilio bacchus and Castnia simulans); but if they are 
pursued, they immediately begin with a tearing pace like the Nymphalidae, and then (of course mostly too 
late) one only knows what butterfly it was in fact. — Paut Haunet says: It isa special peculiarity of the 
Anges to rest not so much on leaves, but preferably on branches and small twigs, particularly on those 
with dry leaves, where they are then splendidly masked by their dark, leaf-like under surfaces. 
A. troglodyta F. (117d) from Jamaica and Hayti is known to us only in the male sex. Beneath troglodyta. 
it is monotonously grey compared with cubana Salv. (117d) having beneath a great deal of greyish-black cubana. 
marking. The violet reflection of troglodyta is absent in cubana. — astinax Cr. from the Island of St. Thomas astinaw. 
is a fiery-red form with broad black marginal and median markings; in the anal angle of the hindwings 
there is a large black spot; the tails are long. — Whether portia F. (117 d) from Jamaica and Florida is to be portia. 
considered as a form of troglodyta or as a proper species, we must leave undecided. On the under surface both 
the grey ground-colour and the red colour on the posterior part of the forewings are darker than in troglodyta. 
— andria Scudd. (117 e) from the United States, for instance Oklahoma (the specimens before us were cap- «dria. 
