APPENDIX. 215 



PLATE IX. 



This represents the third, fourth, and fifth molars. These three teeth have the same form, 

 and have three ridges and six points ; also three roots, two of which, the posterior, are cemented 



together. 



5 • 



The first tooth on the left, at the tipper part of the plate, is the third in the order of succes- 

 sion. It is always smaller than the other two, but larger than the first and second two-ridged 

 deciduous molars. The tooth on the right, above, is generally intermediate in size to the preced- 

 ing and succeeding ; approaching nearer, in this respect, to the latter than to the former. The 

 roots of this are partially broken off. 



The lower figure is the fifth tooth, — a beautifully-silicified molar; it is the penultimate. 

 The basal ridge, which separates the crown from the fangs, is broader and more prominent than 

 in the other two. 



PLATE X. 



This very fine and perfect tooth is one of the largest belonging to the Mastodon Giganteus 

 we are acquainted with. It was found in Newburgh, about three miles from the great skeleton, 

 and obtained for me by Mr. Brewster. 



In the crown we notice five ridges, and ten pyramidal eminences, the posterior of which are 

 smaller than the others ; the four anterior points are moderately worn. From the base of the 

 second ridge, the enamel is broken off, showing the bony base of the pyramid. The basal ridge 

 or cingulum is less regular and continuous than in the fifth tooth. The fangs correspond in 

 number with the ridges. The four posterior are united together ; the anterior is separate. 



PLATE XL 



This and the three following plates show the bones of the hand and foot: they are 

 five-twelfths of the natural size. It was thought useful to represent these and other bones in 

 their natural relations, since most of them have already been represented by Cuvier and others 

 in an insulated state. 



Left Hand or Anterior Foot. Front View. — Vide page 37. — A, Lower extremity 

 of the radius. B, Lower extremity of the ulna. C, Scaphoides. D, Lunare. E, Cuneiforme. 

 G, Trapezium. H, Trapezoides. I, Os magnum. K, Unciforme. L, The range of metacar- 

 pals, five in number. M, The first range of phalanges, five in number. N, The second range, 

 four in number; there being none for the thumb. The third range, five in number, are not 

 marked ; being all artificial. 



