OPSIPHANES. By H. Frtjhstorfer. . 301 



the lower mountains regions together with Caligo epimetheus, cam.ena shares its area of flight with Caligo oher- 

 ?^Meri" in the iintrodden marshy primeval forests of the higher mountain districts. Fassl several times observed 

 ra/Hewrt-oo shortly after sunset at places where cattle were feeding; they would suddenly run for a short distance 

 on the short turf, then rest on a piece of cow-dung for a moment with the antennae raised high, digging 

 greedily into it with the proboscis, the next moment again running a short distance and repeating the same per- 

 formance; at the same time they are extremely shy and fly away even when cautiously approached before 

 one can get near them. The very rare and much larger $ has the ground-colour entirely chestnut-brown, pos- 

 sibly' liitherto quite unknown and midescribed (Fassl). 



0. sallei approaches quirina and splits up into four geographical races, all more or less rare. — 

 sallei Westw. is dark brown; forewing at the base slightly tinged with reddish. Transverse band complete to sallei. ^-^""^ 

 the upper median vem, there strongly bent distad, afterwards broken up into spots ; the last is small and pointed, 

 followuag the curve of the hinder angle and terminating at the hindmargin. On the under surface the sepa- 

 rate spot ill the middle median cellule occupies the entire bi-eadth of this and is slightly connected with the 

 transverse band distalh'. Hindwmg with rather broad distal band, notched on the veins and gradually dis- 

 placed at the lower radial, anteriorly light ochre-yellow, darkened from about the upper median vein, towards 

 the hmder angle becomes rust-red and is anteriorly widened but ill-defined. Ven ezuel a, Colombia. — mutatus mutalus. C-- 

 Sfich. Band of the forewing broader, somewhat darker reddish ochre-yellow, smooth for its whole length or 

 in the upper median cellule only obtusely indented proximally the connecting spot, however, anteriorly adjoining 

 theanteriorpart of the band for its entire breadth, posteriorly completely connected with the following band-spot 

 or only separated bj' the vein. In the distal part of the cell sometimes an obscure brownish spot. Hindwing 

 near the distal margm with considerably narrowed band, which mostly terminates at the upper median ; when 

 longer it is gradualh' lost in the ground-colour as a vague reddish clouding and becomes narrower, instead of 

 ^\-idening and becoming diffuse. The distal margin somewhat less dentate. Ecuador. — farrago Stick. (^ with farrago. '-^ 

 somewhat paler ground-colour, basal area of the forewing tinged with dull rust-red. Band of the forewing as 

 in the preceding subspecies. Bend of the hindwing much widened (as much as 4 — 5 mm.), less notched at the 

 sides than in the typical subspecies and distinctly expressed as far as the lower median vein, but befoi'e that al- 

 ready somewhat clouded with reddish, at its termination in the hinder angle rust-red, ill-defined and anteriorl}^ 

 diffuse, so that the hinder angle and basal area of the wing appear predominantly pale rust-brown. Under sur- 

 face weaker marked, the striation of the hindwing in particular less sharp, the ground-colour lighter, whitish-brown. 

 The separate yellow spot in the middle median cellule of the forewing smaller, oval, quite isolated, a character • 

 which, however, must not be considered as distinctive. Southern Peru, Bolivia. — nicandrus suhsp. nov. Dis- nicandrus. \ 

 tinguished from the jDrece cling races by the considerably narrow^er red-brown band, which is broken between 

 the median veins into separate crescentic spots. Upperside of the hindwing scarcely appreciably tinged with 

 rust-red. Underside of the hindwing much darker brown, with purple, more dusky tinge. Coroico, 1200 m., 

 Bolivia. 



' 0. invirae occurs everywhere together with quiteria and must be regarded as a slightly differentiated 



species, which in its southern offshoots can scarcely be separated from the southern races of quiteria Cr. and in 

 its northern forms, at least on the under surface, is not distinguishable from cassina Fldr. Yet the larvae pro- 

 bably differ decidedly; according to Bonninghausen they are more unicolorous than those of quiteria, which 

 bear bright-coloured stripes. Feed on palms. ■ — relucens Fruhst. ^ : similar to remoliatus, but smaller. Band relucens. 

 of the fore%ving broad, light ochreous, strongly curved and extending to beyond the submedian in almost uni- 

 form breadth; its posterior .spot sharply defined, rounded. Band of the hindwing anteriorly yellowish, from 

 the upper median vein onwards rust-red and distinctly defined, reaching to the hinder angle, but narrow 

 and uniformly deeply notched distally. Under surface in the type-specimen with broader yellow band on the fore- 

 wing and larger eye-spots than the tjrpical subspecies ; between the eye-spots a chain of 4 whitish grey cres- 

 centic spots. Length of the forewing 36 mm. Honduras [San Pedro jSul_a), -7 cuspidatus (SitcA. 3*: forewing with cuspidatits. 

 very pointed apex. Distal margin very narrowly bordered with grey. Band of the forewing only complete to 

 the lower median vein, beyond this sometimes a further small obsolete terminal spot. Basal area reddish 

 grey. Band of the hindwing very narrow, darkening to rust-red at the radials and gradually disappearing. 

 Anal area slightly tinged with reddish. From the Volcan de Chiriqui. — invirae Hbn. (^ with narrow band invirae. 

 on the forewing, the proximal ma^rgin of which is not at all or only very little produced into a tooth behind the 

 cell ; at the middle median vein it is somewhat displaced at both sides and at the lower median slightly constrict- 

 ed. For the rest it is rather sharply defined and smooth; the posterior part of the band bends in a curved, 

 pointed hook in the hinder angle towards the hindmargin and mostly extends beyond the submedian, although 

 less distinctly expressed. The eye-spot near the apex and the anterior part of the lines near the distal margm on the 

 under .surface showing through rather distinctly. The band near the distal margin of the hindwing narrow, some- 

 times almo.st broken up into spots and abbreviated, occasionally extending to the hindmargin, dull rust-red. $ 

 larger, paler; forewing more elongate, distal margin less excised. Band of the forewing pale ochre-yellow, lighter 

 anteriorly than posteriorly, broader than in the J, behind the angle of the cell distinctly produced into a tooth, 

 at the median veins less displaced or constricted. Band of the hindwing bioader, but mostly duller, in the 

 posterior part suffused with leddish brown without distinct demarcation, much as in 0. quiteria meridionalis. 



