316 CALIGO. By H. Frxjhstorfer. 



consequently standing out more distinctly and in general somewhat less dentate; the basal and hindmarginal 

 areas somewhat more strongly tinged ^ith blue. $ without appreciable constant differences from that of the 

 umlraiilis. preceding subspecies. Ecuador. Type in coll. Frtthstorfer. — In umbratilis Stich. the ^ is darkened with 

 smoke-brown above, the blue tinge behind the cell of the forewing onlj'- weak, rarely somewhat stronger. The 

 transverse band distally to the cell washed-out, occasionally, however, distinctly expressed; in the latter case 

 anteriorly narrow, wliitish, posteriorly somewhat widened, yellowish and terminating at the posterior median 

 vein. The band near the distal margm likewise more or less distinct, the dark spots at the costal margin near the 

 apex well developed. Under surface very sharply marked and with much white in the ground-colom-, particularly 

 philinos, in the distal part of the hindwing. Peru. — • philinos Fruhst. (65 a). cJ somewhat smaller and less slender 

 than scamander. Forewmg grey-brown, copioush' shaded with blue. The yellow area of the forewing reduced 

 to a narrow but distinct band. Ground-colour darker, particularly on the forewing. The hindwing, however, 

 more narrowly margmed with black, on the other hand with broader distal border, grey in the ,^, yellowish 

 grey in the $. Under surface : the brown discal band of the hindwing narrower, the yellow submargmal zone 

 broader and lighter, the discal band of the forewing considerably narrower. Bolivia. 



■euxippus, C. zeuxippus Druce (65 b) inhabits Ecuador. Under surface somewhat resembling that of oileus. It is 



noteworthy for the strikingly light basal area, particularly on the hindwing, which is delicately striated with white. 

 The ocelli are placed in a light coffee-brown median area, which again is surrounded by a zone of light striation. 



aoiiianus. C. placidianus Stgr., originally described from Saraj^acu in Peini and from Sao Paulo de Olivenca on the 



Upper Amazon, is a very large species \^ath broad, unmarked, dark distal border on the forewing, before which 

 an undecided yellowish band, distally rather sharply defined, runs to the posterior median. The $ has the basal 

 half of the forewing blue-grey, bounded hy a still more indefinite yellowish grey band. Under surface very 

 similar to that of C. oileus, but at once distinguishable from this and indeed from all other known species by 

 a deep brown area runnmg from the posterior to the anterior median along the cell-wall and anteriorly narrowed ; 

 this occurs also on the hmdwing, but there covers the entire middle of the ^^'ing, is sharply cut off proximally, 

 but considerably widened distally about the anal ocellus. Cell of the forewing covered with elegant black mark- 

 micans. ings looking like cumulus clouds, micans Rob. describes a slightly modified local form from Ecuador in which 

 the basal half of the hindwing above has a somewhat more intensive gloss. 



hellrao. C. beltrao III. (= demosthenes Perry, inacliis Godt.) (65 b) is one of the most brilliantly coloured 



species of the genus and among the characteristic butterflies of central and southern Brazil. All day long they 

 remain in the lower brushwood or round the trunks of the forest giants, where they hide near the ground. Only 

 in the evening twilight or in the early morning, before the daylight has dispersed the last shadows of tlie night, 

 they come out of their hiding-places for a short time. One can then sometimes see them sitting on the road in 

 large numbers. In Santa Catharina in the valley of the Capivary River I observed that the butterflies were 

 positively common on sultry days and one might with truth speak of whole regiments of Caligo, of which 

 the outposts were arranged at the edge of the woods and at such short distances that one hardly knew which 

 to take first, beltrao can also be attracted with bananas and it was a pretty sight to see the giant Caligos hanging 

 on the bait in living clusters in company with DasyopJithalma crexisa, Eryphanis reevesi and Pre po)ia meander. 

 (J beneath predominantly irrorated with a fine coffee-brown, with very broad median area of the same colour, 

 which traverses both wings, changes into black beyond the cell and is distalh^ bordered by a zone of whi- 

 tish and purple dusting. Hindwing with the anal ocellus shaped like a hazel-nut with the point placed poste- 

 riorlj% the ocellus margined with a beautiful light yellow. The $ larger, wings broader, more rounded, colouring 

 duller. Apex of the forewing light oclu'e-yellow, only proximally somewhat tmged mth orange, the dirty yellow 

 marginal stripe broader, gradualh' narrowing to the anal angle. The white costal spot in the yellow area very 

 conspicuous, the adjoining distal black dustmg in the apex more distinct, condensed into a double spot with 

 white sagittate or lunulate spots accompanying it. Under surface somewhat lighter, the band-like brown sha- 

 ding in the middle of the forewing behind the posterior median vem more distinctly prolonged; close to the 

 distal margin run two blackish parallel lines, which are anteriorly somewhat more delicate brownish, have 

 whitish and j'^ellowish bordering and are gently curved, but behind the eye-spot project basewards near the apes 

 and then run to the anal angle in large, shai-p teeth, some of which are bidentate. On the hmdwing the bands 

 beyond the cell better expressed, the distal margin more broadly brown and with a. second dentate band si- 

 milar to the first-named, but less distinct. Abdomen with lighter grey-blue hairs. ■ — ■ Larva on bananas, like 

 that of C. eurilochus brasiliensis green when young with elongate brown dorsal spots and a white and brown 

 lateral stripe. The spots disappear later and the ground-colour becomes green; m the adult stage the cater- 

 pillar is dirty green to j'ellowish brown, irregularly shaded with black, laterally with a pure white stripe, edged 

 with black at both sides, along the stigmata; the bod}' tapering anteriorly, on the dorsum with soft warts (false 

 thorns), the head with a crest of eight horns. Pupa in size and markings in general like that of eurylochus, but 

 paler and without bristles (W. MtjLI^r). The (J figured came from Rio Grande do Sul, where beltrao has become 



