12 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 



replaced bj^ fleshy processes or hard sphies; on the neck a fleshy, reversible fork of a red or yellow 

 colour, secreting a scent, and being stretched out in defence (the osmaterium) ; Hves free, but some species 

 bend down the edge of a leaf so that a sort of tunnel is formed in which the larva conceals itself; some 

 larvae are gregarious. — Pupa fastened at the anal extremity and by a thread encircling the thorax and 

 wing-cases, or Ijdng in a loose cocoon on the earth or just under its surface; three moveable abdommal 

 segments. 



The family is cosmopolitan, but only a few forms cross the polar circle. Except Africa, where the 

 Aristolochia-Papilios are wanting (only Madagascar has one species), the tropics are characterised by their 

 richness in that group and the Kite-Swallowtails , whilst the temperate zone of both hemispheres possesses 

 in Parnassius a tj^pe which is not met with in the true tropics; Baronia hrevicornis, indigenous to Guerro, 

 West Mexico, is the most southerly form recalhng Parnassius. 



Whilst in the Old World there are quite a number of genera besides the large comprehensive genus 

 Papilio, all the American forms belong to only four genera: Pa-pilio, Eurijades, Parnassius and Baronia. 



1. Genus: Papilio, Swallowtails. 



Forewing always with median spur (1. submedian), at least one of the discocellulars placed 

 longitudinaUy ; hindwing with precostal ceU. All the species have the pupa attached by a girth. The so- 

 called genus Papilio falls into 3 divisions, which are sharply separated from one another in the larva, pupa 

 and imago. This natural classification was founded by Horsfield in 1856, but not recognised by later 

 authors (Erich Haase excepted). The forms of the first group, the Aristolochia-Papilios, so tenacious of 

 life, have a strong smell, and are often mimicked by species of the other two divisions, and in consequence 

 of this similarity the models and mimics have been erroneously regarded by some authors as closely allied. 



A. Aristolochia-Papilios. 



Antenna without scales, underneath on both sides with a cavity on each segment. The outer 

 ventral row of spines of the tarsi not separated from the dorsal spines by a spineless longitudinal depres- 

 sion. — Larvae on Aristolochia, rarely on alhed plants; densely covered with very short hairs, velvety, 

 only the head, the prothoracic plate and the legs being shiny ; each segment with a belt of fleshy tubercles, ' 

 which bear hairs, but no strong spines; the anterior tubercles often prolonged. — Dorsum of the pupa 

 incurved, wing-case stronglj^ expanding sidewaj's; on each side of the abdomen dorsalty a row of humps 

 or lobes, which often form an almost unbroken ridge. — Tropical insects, represented in North America by 

 2 species (P. philenor and polydamas). 



The American Aristolochia-Papilios are chvided into 2 sharply characterised subdivisions. 



Section A. 



Body with red spots. Cavities ■ of the antenna very distinct; precostal cell distally widened, cell of the 

 hindwing more or less pointed. — Here belong most of the forms. They are almost all woodland species; some 

 are only found in the shade of the forest. The butterflies are taken in open spaces in the woods, on their outskirts, 

 and on the banks of rivers, where they frequent flowers, or imbibe moisture from the damp sand. The d^cf are 

 generally good fliers, while the ?? are mostly slow and heavy on the wing. Some species inhabit marshes, others 

 occur only in dry, sandy places in the woods. 



Ascanius-Group. 



The species of the (/.yrv/w/Ms-group, with wliich we begin, have a spatulate tail. The two sexes are similar. 

 The cf has on the hindwing a hindmarginal fold, covered with white wool. 



columbus. P. Columbus H.-Srh. (= gundlachianus Flclr.; grotei Blake) (la). The brightest coloured American 



Papilio, which ma}- be recognised bj' the brilUant blue bands on the forewing. — The dark ash-grey larva 

 is striped longitudinally, the head and thoracic legs are black; the black longitudinal stripes in part 

 margined with white; the anterior and posterior segments bear long pointed tubercles which are partly 

 white. — Flies in Cuba, and occurs not infrequentlj' in the mountainous eastern part of the island, espe- 

 cially near the coast, where it is met with on flowers, and sometimes also drinking at pools. 



ascanius. P. ascanius Cr. (la). A broad white band traverses both wings; on the hindwing it is more or 



less red. — The larva is light brown, and bears pointed tubercles on all the segments. The imago, which 

 hitherto has only been observed in the proraice of Rio de Janeiro, flies in the neighbourhood of Rio over 

 marshes, where it can only be followed with difficulty and often b}- wading in the water; the species of 

 Aristolochia on which the larva feeds onh' grows in such situations. According to Mr. J. Arp the species 

 is by no means scarce at Rio de Janeiro in these swamps, but only in exceptional cases goes far from them; 

 and it is on account of this inaccessibility of its haunts that good specimens are not common in collections. 

 Larva October to April. 



