22 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Joedaa. 



surface of the hindwing are yellow (only known from Espeb's and Maetyn's figures). The second variety 



amazonis. of the ? is ?-f. amazonis R. ct J. (6 c); it has a yellow area on the forewing like the ?-f. varus of the sub- 



belemiis. species varus Koll. — belemus Bates from the south side of the Lower Amazon has a straight band on the 



cochabamba. hindwing; only the form of the ? similar to the cf is known. — cochabamba Weeks, cf: hindwing usually 



with a broad straight macular band; sometimes the last five spots small, very rarely wanting. Scent-scales 



short as in the Mexican subspecies. The ? is not known. South-East Peru; Bohvia. 



P. laodamas. Similar to the preceding species. Hindwing above with a broad macular band; the 

 red submarginal spots on the under surface narrow, not accompanied by white dots. The S resembles the cf , 

 procas. but the middle spots on the hindwing are large, whilst the first is small. Mexico to Colombia. — procas 

 Godm. & Salv. cf : the band on the hindwing is usually contiguous to the cell or crosses its extremity, it 

 iopas. is rarely separated from the cell (ab. iopas Godm. & Salv.). S: band on the hindwing usuall}' occupying 

 the extremity of the cell. West Mexico, known from the provinces of Michoacan, Jalisco and Guerrero. — 

 copanae. copanae Beak. (= chrysodamas Bates). Band on the hindwing in cf? separate from the cell; the red sub- 

 marginal spots on the under surface of the hindmng narrower than in procas. Scent-scales longer than in 

 rhipidiiis. the preceding form. East Mexico to Honduras. — rhipidius R. & J. Hindwing in both sexes with very 

 large greenish white central area, which in the cf tills up the cell almost to the base, in the 9 to the first 

 - laodamas. quarter. Costa Rica. — laodamas Fldr. (6d) is the best-known form, which is very common in Bogota- 

 collections; it is known from the west coast, the Magdalena Valley and the Cordillera of Bogota. The first 

 spot on the band of the hindwing is verj^ large and reaches almost to the base ; it touches the cell , as do 

 the next two or three spots. The $ is not known. 



lycidas. P. lycidas Cr. (= erymanthus Cv) (6d) is easy to recognise by the white stripe before the hind- 



margin on the upper surface of the hindwing; this stripe is shorter in the S than in the cf. — Guatemala 

 to Bolivia and Para. Appears not to vary geographically. There is only one form of the ? known. The o^ 

 occurs commonly at the edges of water-courses. Like the aUied species the butterflies first fly a few times 

 round the places where they are going to alight to drink, as if they wished to make sure of the absence 

 of enemies; but they are not easity disturbed when once thej' have begun to drink. 



crassus. P. crassus Or. (6d). A very long- winged species, distributed from Costa Rica to Rio de Janeiro. 



Forewing with white patches in and below the cell; hindwing with large white costal area, which in the cf 

 lepidiis. reaches to the base. In the cf-f. lepidus Fldr. the white patches on the upper surface of the, forewing 



are wanting. — The black-brown larva (probably variable in its ground-colour) has no spots. The thoracic 



hump of the pupa is very long and divided at the tip. 



B. Fluted-Papilios. 



Here belong the greatest part of the Swallowtail species. Although the forms have followed very 

 different lines of development and often in their outward appearance have not preserved the slightest resem- 

 blance to one another, yet this apparently heterogeneous mixture of species is distinguished by sharply 

 marked characters from the other two divisions of the Swallowtails, namely the Aristolochia-Papilios and the 

 Kite-Papilios. The segments of the scaleless antennae are somewhat narrowed at the base; the fine sensory 

 hairs are almost equallj^ distributed over the ventral surface or confined to two large, non-impressed lateral 

 ai-eas. The tarsi are hkewise not scaled; the dorsal spines of the segments are separated from the ventral 

 spines by a spineless, impressed lateral space. The abdominal margin of the hindwing in both sexes is 

 curved downwards , forming a kind of groove ; a scent-organ is wanting on the hindwing. The tibiae of 

 the cf are never thickened nor covered with fine hairs. — The larva is either smooth, without humps, or 

 the tubercles are hard and spin}', not fleslw. The third and fourth thoracic segments are enlarged, so that 

 the larva appears thinner in front and behind. Many of the larvae bear on the thorax on both sides a 

 sort of ej'e-spot and on the middle of the bodj* a saddle-patch'. Plants of verj' many families serve as 

 food, pai'tly herbs (UmbeUiferae, Composites, etc.), but still more often the leaves of trees. — The pupa is 

 wrinkled like leather and often resembles a piece of wood. The head is produced into two tubercles or is 

 truncate, and the thorax bears a usualh^ rather short horn. The wing-cases are expanded much less in 

 mussel-shape than in the Aristolochia-Papilios, and the humps on the abdomen, if present at all, are verj- short. 



The Fluted-Papilios occur in all tropical and temperate regions (New Zealand excepted), and extend 

 northwards Avith one species as far as the arctic zone. They are therefore the most widely distributed 

 division of the Swallowtails. In their habits ihey differ quite as much from one another as is their garb. 

 Most species are good fliers, which if frightened huny away in frantic haste. They almost all visit flowers, 

 especially the cfcf , and are fond of resting on damp sand or mud. Here their difference in character from 

 the Aristolochia-Papilios becomes apparent, in that they do not crowd together in thick clusters, but rest 

 singly I'ound the outside of the crowd formed by Pierids and Kite-Papilios. Verj- many of the Fluted- 

 Papilios wear the dress of other buttei-flies. In America Danaids, Heliconids, Pierids, and especially 



