PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jobdan. 23 



Ai-istolochia-Papilios serve as models. In some cases only the ?, or one of the ?-forms, is mimetic. Among 

 the American Fkited-PapiHos are found a number of powerfully built species with the costal margin of the 

 forewing dentate. We find something similar m thec/'cf of the Indo -Australian Pierid genus Piioneris, and 

 in the Xymphalid genera Charaxes, Eidepis, Euxanthe and Palla, which are all Old World insects. The 

 dentition of tlie costal margin of these butterflies is evidentlj^ a phenomenon accompanying the strengthening 

 of the margin, wliich is closely related to the acquisition of a strong flight. 



Sexual dimorphism is very common among the Fluted -Papilios; as a rule one ?-form resembles 

 the cf, whilst the other is mimetic. Sharply pronounced seasonal dimorphism is not observed among the 

 American Fluted -Papihos, yet in the few North American forms which belong here, the butterflies which 

 emerge from the hibernated pupae are generalty smaller and more hairy than the summer brood, showing 

 also shght difli"erences in the markings. The trimorphism in both sexes of P. poli/xenes and P. bairdi is 

 verj- note-woiiliy. 



Machaon-Group. 



The species of the macJinoii-grou-p have ringed larvae, which live on Umbelliferae, partly also on Artemisia. 



P. polyxenes. Abdomen black, dotted with yellow. Palpi yellow. The posterior yellow spots of 

 the discal band of the forewing remote from the cell, the discal band sometimes wanting. Geographically 

 and individually very variable. The earlier stages vei'y similar to those of P. macliaon. The forms of 

 North and Central America flj^ Uke P. macliaon in cultivated districts, over meadows and fields covered with 

 flowering fodder-plants, especialh' clover, at little distance from the ground. The South American forms 

 only occur at considerable elevations. We have here the same phenomenon which we observe in Asia of 

 P. maclvion, which is likewise a high mountain species south of the Himalayas, in North-East India, Sikkim 

 and Bumia. — americus Roll. (= sadalus Luc.) occurs in three varieties. In the form melasina R. & J. amerkus. 

 (8a) the yellow band on the wings is very much narrowed, sometimes reduced to a small spot, whilst in melasma. 

 the true americus Koll. the band is broad, especially on the hindwing; the pale yeUow area on the under- 

 side of the liindwing not seldom reaches to the base. The black form lives especially in the Gauca Valley, 

 Colombia, but also occurs elsewhere together with the ordinary form. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and 

 North Peni, occurring onlj^ at considerable heights, found up to about 3000 m. ~ stabilis R. & J., very stabitis. 

 similar to the usual americus form, alwaj's with a broad yellow band, the last spot of the band of the 

 forewing shoiier than in americus, the band on the hindwing beneath sharply defined at the basal side. 

 Costa Rica to Panama, common at a height of 1000 to 1300 m. — asterius CV. (^ asterias /'.) is in some 

 districts very variable, in others prett}^ constant. The cf is much more variable than the ?. We distinguish 

 three principal forms of the d', which are connected by intermediate stages and occur all three together in 

 many districts, cf -f. asterius Cr. has a macular band which traverses the extremity of the cell of the asterius. 

 hindwing. Specimens with almost pure white spots on the upper surface are ab. semialba EJirm. The cf-f. semialba.^ 

 asterius occurs from New England to South Mexico. The second variety is cf-f. curvifascia SJcinn. from curvifascia. '- 

 Mexico and Guatemala; in this the band of the hindwing is placed outside the cell and is almost uniformly 

 cur\-ed. The most striking form is the cf-f. ampliata Men. (= asterioides Reak.), in which the band is ampliata. 'y^ 

 broken up into small spots, which are often partly absent from the forewing. This black form is common 

 in West Mexico, but also flies singly in East Mexico, and one specimen has been bred in Colorado. The ? 

 of asterius is much less variable. A few striking aberrations of both sexes have been named: in ab. 

 calverleyi Grate the submarginal spots are very strongly enlarged and merged into a broad band; in ab. calverleyi. 

 alunata Skitm. & Aar. on the contrary the submarginal spots on the hindwing are very small and bluish. — alunata. 

 polyxenes F. (8 a). The ? resembles the o^, the band of the hindwing is on the whole somewhat broader po/yxene^. 6-^ 

 than in cf-f. asterius. Cuba. — brevicauda Saund. (= mediocauda Eim.er). Sexes similar to one another, brevicauda.-^ — 

 wings broad and short, outer margin of the forewing somewhat rounded. Inhabits Newfoundland, Anticosti 

 and the districts adjoining the lower course and the estuary of the St. Lawrence River; June to August: 

 the larva on parsley and other Umbelliferae near the coast and the river. 



P. bairdi Edw. Either similar to P. macliaon, but the anal ocellus with black pupil, or similar to 

 P. polyxenes, or .standing between the two in its markings. These three forms, which occur together in 

 Colorado, are: f. oregonia EdM-. (= brucei Edw.) (8a), ina.chaon-\\k&, known from Colorado, Oregon, oregonia.' 

 Washington Tenitor}', West Canada and British Columbia. The second form, which is known from Utah, 

 Colorado and Arizona, is f. hollandi Edw.; the abdomen is machaon-like , whilst the wings resemble those hollandi. 

 of the following form. In f. bairdi Edw. (= utahensis Btreck.) (8 a), which is found in Arizona , Colorado bairdi. 

 and Utah, the black abdomen is spotted. The identity of the three forms has been established by breeding. 

 Such non-seasonal trimorphism in both sexes is rare. The butterfly flies in Colorado together with 

 P. polyxenes asterius, and in Oregon and further north with P. zelicaon, but the insects are independent of 

 one another. Whilst the larvae of the allied species feed on Umbelliferae, those of P. hairdi live on a 

 Composite (Artemisia) ; the larvae of all these butterflies are very similar to one another. 



