46 PARNASSIUS. By H. Stichel. 



of the Rocky Mountains forming tlie boundary line, whilst northwards they extend in Alaska as far as the 

 polar circle; in the mountains they ascend to about 4000 m (14 000 English ft.). 



America possesses representatives of only two of the groups into M'hich Parnassiiis can be naturally 

 divided according to the abdominal pouch, of which P. thor, dodius and the alHed forms are to be classified 

 with the Palaearctic c/ffr/«s-group with whitish, elongated, vesicidar pouch, whilst the smintheits forms belong 

 to the o-jjo/Zo-group, in which the pouch is small, dark brown, carinate beneath, and pointed hke a leaf. 



P. eversmanni Men. (vol. I, lOg) is represented in Alaska by a form with narrowed bands, to which 

 thor. is to be appUed the name of thor B. Edic, proposed for the ?. Ground-colour of the cf yellow as in the 

 Asiatic form, markings of the wings agreeing rather closely with those of the ? of P. dodius, but the bands 

 and spots narrower, and the discal band outside the cell somewhat further removed from it, less irregular 

 and more sharply defined; the hindwing without submarginal crescents, only 2 indistinct patches near the 

 disc, the basal and hindmarginal area blackish, at the usual places 2 ocelli filled in with red, the posterior 

 one connected with a black anal spot by a narrow band-like shading. ? whitish with broadened bands, the 

 anal spot on the hindwing with two red dots, its connection with the posterior ocellus broader, near the 

 outer margin a row of sharp black lunules. Only 3 specimens (1 cf , 2 $¥) known : at the upper course of 

 the Yucon River, June. 



J dodius. P. clodius Men. (17 d) is very nearly allied to eversmanni. Ground-colour white, only in the ? the 



short costal band placed outside the cell connected with the hindmarginal spot by an irregular dusty band, 

 the glossy submarginal band of the forewing sharp but narrow, the cf with small, the ? with larger, 

 crescent-shaped submarginal spots on the hindwing; on the latter the anal spot mostly centred with red. 

 Coast district of Oregon and Cahfornia, southwards to about San Francisco. The biology is still unknown. 

 It IS suspected that Viola is the food-plant, perhaps also Sedum and possibly Vaccinium or Rubus (dewberry) 

 (Weight). Is commonly (even in recent works) confused with the specifically different P. daritis Eversm. 

 altaums. from Asia, or this name is applied to the mountain form of the species (see further below). — Ab. altaurus 

 Byar is an aberration from the name-typical form with yellowish instead of red anal spots. — In the 

 Northern adjoining districts occurs a race, larger on the average, with much broadened marginal pattern 

 on the forewing. Marginal and submarginal bands are merged into a broad stripe, through the middle of 



daudianus. wlrich runs only one row of small white crescents. This form has been introduced as claudianus Stick. 

 (17 c). In the ? the black band-pattern is less intensive but broader, the connection of the costal spot and 

 hindmarginal spot only shadowed as a narrow streak, on the hindwing very large marginal lunules, the 

 anal spot without red dot. Washington Ter., Vancouver Island, types" No. 27918 to 27 921 in the Kgl.. 

 baldur. Zool. Museum Berlin. There are transitions to the typical form. — ^baldur H. W. Edw. (17 e) occurs in the 

 mountains to the East of the district of the principal form. This is distinguished by reduced and less sharp 

 rnarkings. In the cf the liindmarginal spot is mostly absent on the forewing and the anal spot on the 

 hindwing; the posterior ocellus is reduced as a rule; the ? has no submarginal crescents on the hindwing, 

 the anal spot is rarely centred with red; in both sexes the white dusting very thin, somewhat transparent. 

 Sierra Nevada, about from the Emigrant to the Truckee Pass; also reported from the Wahsatch Mountains 

 (Utah). Varies rather considerably, and forms on the one hand transitions to the coast form, on the other 

 hand there occurs a further reduction of the pattern. Specimens with point-like, reduced posterior ocellus 

 lasca. are not rare: ab. lusca Stidi. (17 e); or those in which the two ocelli only remain as vestiges: ab. menetriesii 



menetnesii. H. Edw. (17e). On the other hand ab. lorquini Oherth., in which the ocelH are entirely absent, occurs 



orqmni. ^jjy sparingly. In the type of this form in addition all the black markings also are effaced except two 



narrow oblong spots in the middle and at the end of the cell of the forewing and some blackish dusting 



gallafiinis. at the hindmargin of the hindwing. — A further race from Montana, gallatinus Stich., is distinguished by 

 the band-pattern of the cf being in general weakly marked, while on the contrary there is a complete 

 discal band outside the cell, as in the ? of the typical form; hindwing without anal spot and with small 

 ocelli; the ? is more strongly marked, partly dusted over with black, the forewing with broader submarginal 

 band, on the hindwing the submarginal lunulus and the anal spot strongly developed. Gallatin County 

 (Eleood). 



sminlheus. P. smintheus Doubl. is an American representative of the Asiatic P. i)hodus F. Ground-colour 



chalk-white, forewing with the peculiar black spots of the apoUo-gvo\\\), in the tj'pical form an incomplete 

 submarginal band on the forewing, the costal spot faintly centred with red, the transparent border narrow 

 at the outer margin, commonty onlj^ extending to the middle of the wing, interrupted by white marginal 

 spots, the white fringes spotted with black at the extremities of the veins; hindwing with 2 small ocelli, 

 filled in with red, hindmarginal spot as a rule weakly indicated. $ as a rule somewhat larger, forewing 

 with larger costal spots, filled in with red, strong hindmarginal spot and broader margin, hindwing with 

 larger ocelli, 1 — 2 anal spots filled in witli red and a row of submarginal crescent spots. Extraordinarily 

 variable in size and markings, in the cf the submarginal band of the forewing sometimes more strongly 

 developed, the glassy border very variously developed, the wliite patches of the same sometimes more 



