98 PSEUDOPIERIS; DISMORPHIA. By J. Boher. 



yellow and have more black markings, also on the hindwing small black marginal spots, and the veins of 

 the forewing are dusted with black. 



.ij P. nysiella Stgr. i. I. (28 d), from Bolivia (Cillutincara, 3000 m), taken by Garlepp in January 1896, 



^" is the smallest species, with broader forewing. Upper surface white, hindwing without markings, forewing 

 with sharply separated small black marginal spots, three larger black subapical spots and very small black median 

 spot. Under surface similar to that of nysias, but the hindwing lighter grey, with much yellowish scaling, fore- 

 wing with small, very indistinct subapical spots, median spot of the forewing absent. $ still unknown. 



34. Genus: Pseudopieri^ G. S S. 



With this genus begins a small group of genera which cannot with certainty be reckoned Piei'ids and 

 yet can still less be associated with any other family. The position of the last genus Styx especially is very 

 doubtful. Pseudopieris was formerly united with Dismorphia, but has rightly been separated from it. Although 

 there is no decisive difference in the neuration, yet the much more Pierid-like facies, as well as the form of the 

 short antennae, which do not at all possess the length characteristic of Heliconius or the Ithomiids, and also 

 the want of striking sexual dimorphism, present sufficient generic characters. — According to the observations of 

 Herr Rich. Haensch the forms of Pseudopieris do not differ essentially in habits from the Pieris-like Dismorphias. 



(■^ P. nehemia is distributed from Mexico to South Brazil, and also occurs in the mountainous west. Upper 



\iehemia. surface in both sexes white with black margin to the forewing. This is very narrow in nehemia Bdv. (= cydno 

 ^\)iridula. Dbl. & Hew.) (28 e), only exceptionally somewhat broader. It is not much broader in viridula Fldr., from Co- 

 iiequalo- lombia, which has slightly greenish upper surface. This border is much broader in the apex of the forewing 

 fjv^ rialis. in aequatorialis Fldr., from Ecuador. The underside in all these forms is white on the forewing, yellowish 

 on the hindwing and the apex of the forewing. A blackish spot on the discocellulars of the hindwing is occa- 

 sionally absent in nehemia, in the other forms apparently constant. 



&)penia. Whether P. penia Hopff. (28 e), from Peru, is a separate species, I must leave undecided. In this form 



' the black apical border is still broader than in aequatorialis, but in addition the border is strongly widened 



in the middle of the distal margin. As there is no blackish spot at the discocellular on the under surface of 



the hindwing, Hopffer considers penia as a separate species. But as was shown in nehemia, the presence or 



absence of this spot cannot be taken as a specific criterion. 



35. Genus: Di8iuori)liia Hbn. 



This genus is distributed from the southern states of North America to South Brazil and from east 

 '' to west, especially developed in the western mountains, but most species have not a large area of distribution. 



All the species differ so considerably both in superficial appearance and in neuration from their relatives that 

 they cannot be recognised as ,, Whites" without further examination. They doubtless represent another 

 branch of tlie Pierid stirps. Their nearest relatives — with the exception of Pseudopieris — are the Palae- 

 arctic Leptidia and joerhaps Pseudopontia from West Africa. A great number of the species resemble Itho- 

 miids, Acraeids {Actinote) and Heliconines, which are protected by their bad smell and taste, yet cases of de- 

 ceptive similarity are not common. Sometimes only the female is a so-called mimic. The sexual dimorphism 

 in many species is so great that the identity of the sexes can only be proved with difficulty. — Butler not only 

 retained Hubner's genus Enantia (with melite as type), but also erected a further genus, Moschojieura (with 

 methymna as type). Since there is neither any necessity for such a division, nor are the characters given for 

 these genera tenable, the genus (which is also known under the name Leptalis Balm.) is here retained in the 

 customary extent. — I am indebted for the following biological notes to Herr Rich. Haensch, who made obser- 

 vations during his travels in South America, especially in Ecuador: larva and pupa are not known to him. 

 The Ithomiid-like species, such as arise, theonoe, etc., like the Ithomiids, are fond of the shades of the thick 

 forests of trees, whilst the more brightly coloured ones, praxinoe, astyocha, are also found in lighter places in 

 the woods. The (J^J of the latter when flying assume a position in which the large light spot of scent-scales 

 on the upper surface of the hindwing is covered, so that they, like their $$, are not distinguishable from the 

 similarly marked Mechanitis. Forms like nemesis,' critomedia, leonora, etc., prefer small clearings in the woods 

 and are fond of resting, with the wings spread out, on the tops of bushes upon which the sun shines. The 

 seasonally common yeUow and white forms, such as medora, limnorina, Pseudopieris nehemia, etc., make 

 their appearance at the beginning resp. end of the rainy season often in large numbers on scented umbelli- 

 ferous flowers by the wayside and at the edges of the woods; they do not differ noticeably from the true Pierids. 

 The mimetic forms are scarcely distinguishable in their habits from the similar Ithomiids; they occur in the 

 same localities as these, but do not fly in company with them. On the other hand their colouring regularly 

 corresponds with the local forms of Ithomiids, which is especially well seen in the //leonoe-forms. 



