190 Fernald — ^Relationships of some American 



The American forms of §§ Albae and Nanae now recog- 

 nized by the writer and discussed in the preceding notes may 

 be briefly enumerated as follows : 



B. ALBA, L. Sp. ii, 982 (1753); Eoth, FL Germ, i, 404. B. 

 papyrifera^ Marshall, Arbust. Am. 19 (1785). B. papyracea^ 

 Ait. Hort. Kew. iii, 337 (1789). B.pubescens^ Ehrh. Beitr. v, 

 160, vi, 98 (1790-91). B. odorata, Bechst. Diana, i, 74 (1797).— 

 Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Indiana, 

 I^EBEASKA, Wyoming, Idaho and Washington ; passing on 

 the Pacific coast to the dark-barked forma occidentalis {B. 

 occidentalism Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155 (1839)); Iceland, 

 northern Europe and Asia, south in the mountains to northern 

 Spain, Italy, etc. (PL Y, figs. 1-6.) 



B. ALBA, var. GLUTiNosA, Trautv. ex Kegel, Mon. Bet. 20 

 (1861). B. glutinosa, Wallr. Sched. Crit. 497 (1822). B. 

 l^endula^ Keichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ, xii, t. 625, not Both. — 

 Yalley of Wassataquoik Kiver, Maine ; Sweden, Finland, 

 Germany, Switzerland, Austria. 



B. ALBA, var. coRDiFOLiA. B. covdifolia^ Begel, Mon. Bet. 

 28, t. 12, figs. 29-36 (1861). B. alba, subsp. papyrifera, 0, 

 cordifolia, Kegel in DC. Prodr., xvi, pt. i, 166 (1864). B. 

 papyri/era, var. minor, Wats, and Coult. in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 

 472 (1889), in part, not B. papyracea var. minor, Tuck. — 

 Labrador and J^ewfoundland to IS^ew Brunswick, Maine, 

 New Hampshire, Lake Superior, Iowa, Alberta, British 

 Columbia, Idaho, and Washington, 



B. ALBA, var. MINOR. B. davnrica, Ledeb., Fl. Alt. iv, 245 

 (1833), not Pallas. B. papyracea, var. minor, Tuckerman, 

 this Journal, xlv, 31 (1843). B. tortuosa, Ledeb., Fl. Koss. iii, 

 652 (1849). B. odorata, var. alpigena, Blytt, Norg. Fl. 402 

 (1861). B. alba, subsp. tortuosa, Kegel, in DC, 1. c. 168 

 (1864). B. damirica, ^, americana, Kegel, 1. c. 175 (1864). 

 B. odorata, var. tortuosa, Lange, Fl. Dan. xvii, 10, t. 2918 

 (1877). B. papyrifera, var. minor, Wats, and Coult. 1. c, in 

 part. B. pyhescens, var. tortuosa, Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 

 109 (1893). — Labrador to the mountains of Maine, JN^ew 

 Hampshire and Yermont ; mountains of Saskatchewan, 

 AssiNiBoiA, and Alberta ; Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, 

 Finland, northern Germany, Altai Mts. ; dwarf forms from 

 Alaska resemble this variety, but have the strongly resini- 

 ferous branchlets of B. glandulosa and B. jpendula. (PL Y, 

 figs. 7-12.) 



Betula alba, var. carpatica. B. carpatica, Wald. and 

 Kit. in Willd. Sp. iv, 464 (1805). B. horealis, Spach, Ann. 

 Sci. Nat., ser. 2, xv, 196 (1841). B. glutinosa. Fries, Summ. 

 YQg. Scand., 212 (1846), not Wallr. B. pumila, 7, borealis, 

 Kegel, Mon. Bet. 55, t. 13, figs. 38, 39 (1861). B. alba, subsp. 



