126 DR LAUDER LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND PYCNIDES 
examination. The spermatia and sterigmata are among the largest and most 
distinct I have seen. Both are somewhat hazy or granular, and the basal por- 
tions of the sterigmata are brown. The bases of the latter are very closely agglo- 
merated, and merge into the brown, dense, cellular tissue of the envelope. The 
sterigmata are simple cells, elongated, having a very irregular outline, coming off 
subdigitately from basal tubes. 
Specimen 3.—Rocky Mountains, DrummMonp; north-west coast of America, 
Doveras; in Hookerian Herb., Kew. The spermogones extend a considerable dis- 
tance down the lacinize. They are wholly immersed, and exhibit on the surface 
only their small, black, papilleeform ostioles. The spermatia are about jth long, 
with a breadth of sath. The sterigmata are about yath long, and consist of 
a few delicate, linear, irregular cells or articulations. 
Specimen 4.—ScH&RER exs., No. 390 (sub Parmelia); on firs in the Alps; on 
right-hand specimen in my copy (ed. alt. immut., 1840). The spermatia are about 
sath long; the sterigmata either linear, single cells, or of a few articulations; about 
noth to ith long. 
Specimen 5.—Germany ; in Herbarium Bot. Soc. Edin. The spermogones are 
abundant as greenish or greenish-brown tubercles, with a black tip. The sper- 
matia are about sth to uth long. The sterigmata are as described in No. 4. 
FAMILY II. RaMAuinez. 
GENUS I. RAMALINA, Ach., Fr. 
As a general rule, the spermogones of this genus resemble those of Usnea. 
They are irregular tubercles of the same colour as the thallus, sometimes isolated, 
but more frequently confluent, scattered over the lacinize, especially about their 
extremities. Spermogonal warts are the cause of the very rugose, deformed 
character of the lacinize in several species ; for instance, in R&. scopulorum and R. 
polymorpha, in dwarf specimens of which they are especially abundant. The 
ostiole is generally pale and inconspicuous; under moisture it is usually semi- 
translucent, and more easily recognisable. It is sometimes, more generally in 
foreign than British species and specimens, black-punctate, and then it is com- 
paratively distinct and easily seen on the pale green thallus. Where the lacinize 
are round or filiform, the spermogones are scattered over the whole surface; where 
they are flattened, as in the ampliata form of var. fraxinea, they are sometimes 
confined to the rugee, with which the thallus is frequently marked. The size 
of the spermogones varies greatly; their diameter generally ranges from =th to 
mth. In R.calicaris, var. frazinea, it is sth to mth; in R. scopulorum ith to ath. 
The envelope is either of a pale brown or green, or it is colourless; its component 
tissue is cellular, and similar to that of the cortical layer of the thallus. The cavity 
is simple or compound, and divided into sinuosities or compartments; the latter 

