OF FILAMENTOUS, FRUTICULOSE, AND FOLIACEOUS LICHENS. 127 
apparently in the case of confluent spermogones. The internal tissue is white, 
horny, and dense, as contrasted with the loose, white, medullary tissue in which 
they are imbedded. The sterigmata are very delicate, short, linear cells, some- 
times ramose at the base, of equal width with the spermatia, which are given off as 
terminal cells. Sometimes, though rarely, they appear to be subarticulate, several 
long, linear, delicate cells coming off from a central, principal, or trunk cell near 
its base. Their length varies from ;th to guth, frequently averaging ;jath. As- 
sociated or intermixed with the ordinary sterigmata are numerous elongated, 
ramose, very delicate filaments, which fill up the cavity of the spermogone, and 
occur so constantly as to constitute a characteristic feature of the spermogones of 
this genus. NyLANDER regards these anastomosing filaments as a point of dis- 
tinction between this genus and Dujourea. The spermatia are short and oblong ; 
sometimes, though rarely, ellipsoid. Their breadth is about south; their length 
varies from ;,th to ziath, averaging about zth. 
In R. ceruchis, a species from central America, the spermogones differ some- 
what from those of the British Ramalinee. They are here black, cone-like bodies, 
either directly seated on the thallus, or placed on thalline warts or tubercles. 
The difference, however, is more apparent than real; and, altogether, this is an 
exceptional or anomalous species. It is only the ostioles which are black and 
papilleeform, and the envelope of a deep indigo blue colour; the whole internal 
structure is that of the spermogones of British species of Ramalina. There is a 
remarkable uniformity in regard to the structure or contents of the spermogones 
of this genus,—a circumstance which, taken along with the uniformity in character 
of the spores, leads me to suggest that all our British species, at least, of Ramalina, 
should be associated in a single species,—call it by what name we may. 
Species 1. R. calicaris, Fr. 
A cosmopolite, which has been found in some of its numerous varieties or 
forms equally in Europe, Africa, America, Asia, and Australia. 
Specimen 1.—Var. fraxinea, Fr. Broad form of laciniz (form ampliata of 
authors). On trees, Glen Cluny, Braemar, August 1856, W. L. L.; no apothecia. 
Laciniz marked by prominent, decussating rugee or plicee. On these the spermo- 
gones occur generally in closely aggregated, irregular groups, and most abundant 
about the extremities of the laciniz. The ostioles are generally of the same colour 
as the thallus ; sometimes of a darker green, but never very conspicuous. The sper- 
matia are about sath long; the hypertrophied ramose filaments are abundantly 
intermixed with the ordinary sterigmata. The apices of the latter generally bulge 
somewhat, resembling, in this character, the paraphyses of most lichens. 
Specimen 2.—Sub Alectoria tuberculata, Tayl., in Hookerian Herb., Kew; Peru, 
on trees in arid situations; Monte Christo, Columbia. This lichen has broadish, 
