138 DR LAUDER LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND PYCNIDES 
immersed in the thallus. These punctiform ostioles are usually flat on the sur- 
face, sometimes depressed, seldom papilleeform. Sometimes they are surrounded 
with a pale ring or collar of the thallus, and then they assume a pseudo-papill- 
form aspect. In this case they may resemble the nascent apothecia. The sper- 
mogones are frequently confluent, sometimes becoming very irregular, even macu- 
liform. When spermogones do occur, they are usually very distinct, and easily 
recognised, from the contrast of their black colour with the pale reddish-yellow 
or buff colour of the thallus. In some cases they are most abundant towards 
the tips of the ramules; at other times they are scattered over the whole surface, 
or nearly from base to apex,—usually, however, of sterile ramules. Their cavity 
is simple. Their size varies considerably, their diameter being, in /?. tinctoria, 
jth to 4th, and in R. Montagnei th to 4th. The spermatia are linear, deli- 
cate, generally curved more or less, but sometimes also straight and rod-shaped : 
in both cases they are obtuse at the ends, and of equal thickness throughout. 
Their length varies from ,+,th to ,..th, averaging about jth, with a breadth of 
from ,z;th to ,.5,th. The sterigmata are linear, simple, delicate cells, ramose at 
the base, as in Ramalina, and sometimes of equal width with the spermatia. 
They vary in length from 4th to + th, with a breadth of from |,+th to “th. 
1500 3000 10,000 20,000 



SpEcIES 1. AR. tinctoria, Ach., 
Which has the widest geographical range of any species of this genus, occurring 
alike in Europe, Africa, America, and Asia. 
Specimen 1.—St Ouen’s Bay, Jersey, 1851; in Herb. Hooker, Kew. The 
plant appears to me rather referrible to &. phycopsis. The tips of the lacinize are 
frequently dotted over with brown punctiform spermogones. 
Specimen 2.—Mauritius ; Cape of Good Hope, 1822, Dr THom; both in Herb. 
Hooker, Kew. In both cases the spermogones are abundant as brown points. 
Specimen 3.—“ Lima thickest Orchella weed,” imported from the west coast of 
South America into London and Liverpool for the British Orchill manufacture ; 
given me by Messrs Bensamin Smit and Son, Orchill manufacturers, ! London, 
1851. The spermogones are sparingly scattered in groups over the laciniz, and 
among the warts bearing the apothecia, in the form of minute, round, black. 
chiefly depressed points, resembling in external aspect the spermogones of Parmelia 
tiliacea or P. physodes. In some specimens, instead of being depressed or 
flat, the ostioles are papilleeform or wart-like. They are then larger, rough on the 
surface, perched on thalline papille, isolated, or grouped two or three together 
on a large, distinct, thalline wart. The segments of the thallus are sometimes 
roughened over with these spermogonal warts. Sometimes the ostioles become 
confluent, and assume various irregular forms, especially stellate or lirelleeform 
appearances. In this case they are apt to be confounded with warts bearing 

