142 DR LAUDER LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND PYCNIDES 
black, flattened spots, which are the ostioles of immersed nuclei. They are scat- 
tered over both sterile and fertile segments of the thallus, especially about the 
tips, but are most abundant on the former. The spermatia are straight or slightly 
curved, about ,,,th long, with a breadth of .~th; while the sterigmata are 
simple, somewhat irregular, short, linear cells, sub-ramose at base, with a length 
of ,,th to ;7,th, and a breadth of ,,,th to ,,;,,th. Both spermatia and sterigmata 
closely resemble those of the preceding species. 

FAMILY IV. SrImrnuLez. 
This is altogether an anomalous and puzzling family, whose place in classifi- 
cation is, as yet, only provisional, from none of its species having been found bear- 
ing apothecia. In the typical genus Siphula, I have never found even spermogones; 
but I have had the opportunity of examining only S. ceratites, Fr., which grows 
in northern Europe (Lapland), Asia (the Himalayas), and in arctic America. In 
Thamnolia, however, I succeeded in finding spermogones several years ago, and, 
at the time of their discovery, I was not aware that my observations had been 
anticipated by any previous author. Ny Lanper has, since that date, referred to 
its spermogones in some of his publications; but he has not as yet fully described 
them. His observations, however, so far as they go, do not quite correspond 
with myown. Theonly species I have examined is 7. vermicularis, which grows 
in arctic or alpine parts of Europe, Asia, and America. 
GENUS I. Tuamnoria, Ach., Scherer. 
This curious genus has been hitherto included in the genus Cladonia ; but the 
character of its spermogones at once separates it. In Cladonia the spermogones 
are generally terminal, and of a different colour from the thallus, the spermatia 
curved, and the sterigmata short and simple. In Zhamnolia the spermogones are 
lateral and concolorous with the thallus, the spermatia rod-shaped and straight, 
and the sterigmata longish and articulated. The spermogones are the large, 
irregular, prominent warts, frequently scattered over the thallus,—of the same 
colour therewith, and having no conspicuous ostiole. They must be compara- 
tively familiar to lichenologists; but it is seldom that the spermatia and sterig- 
mata can be found; at least I have examined several dozens of specimens from 
every variety of habitat, and, though I long suspected these warts of being sper- 
mogones, I have only been able to satisfy myself as to their true character—by 
discovering the spermatia and sterigmata—in a single instance. NYLANDER’s 
description of the spermogones does not at all agree with my observations. He 
says they resemble the perithecia of an Hndocarpon. Now, I have never found 
them punctiform and immersed, as this description would imply; but his words 
might apply perfectly to a minute, punctiform, parasitic Lecidea, L. vermicularia, 
mihi, which I have frequently found growing on the thallus. Again, the sper- 

