154 DR LAUDER LINDSAY ON THE SPERMOGONES AND PYCNIDES 
gones shining through that part of the envelope which is thinnest. These warts 
are also occasionally scattered in groups of two or three round the branches bearing 
the apothecia, and immediately below the latter, to which they then appear as 
collar-like appendages. The spermatia are abundant, thickish, curved, about 
ath long, on simple vesicular sterigmata- 
FAMILY VIII. Cnaponicz. 
GENUST. CLADONIA, Hof'm. 
The spermogones of Cladonia are mostly barrel-shaped, long or short, narrow 
or bulging; generally of the same colour as the apothecia, and with a distinct 
large round ostiole. The barrels are largest and best marked when terminal, as 
in C. furcata ; shortest and most tuberculiform when on the margin of scyphi, as 
in C. pyxidata. In the latter case, they are frequently flattened on the top, and 
irregular in form. They sometimes form a denticulate fringe of the margin of the 
scyphi, which may either be comparatively regular, or more or less irregular. In 
species with branching podetia, terminating in tapering points, the spermogones 
are generally seated on the ends of the ultimate ramuscles, of which they consti- 
tute the brown points, which are erect in C. furcata ; nodding, or erect also, in C. 
rangiferina. In species with simple podetia, which terminate in scyphi, the 
spermogones are seated generally on the margins of these scyphi. In some species 
with a large horizontal and foliose thallus, and which seldom bear podetia, they 
are seated directly on the folioles of the thallus. But they also occur in species 
with scyphiferous podetia, seated directly on the squamules or folioles, with which 
these are frequently more or less plentifully covered; especially in deformed and 
sterile states, as in C. bellidiflora. Sometimes they are seated directly on the 
sides of the podetia themselves, as in the cervicornis variety of C. gracilis, and in 
C.amaurocrea. Occasionally they occur on digitate prolongations of the margins 
of the scyphi, as in C. bellidiflora and C. pyaidata ; and, lastly, they are some- 
times, though rarely, studded over the apothecia themselves, as in one instance in 
C. rangiferina. In scyphiferous species, in which they are usually grouped on the 
margins of the scyphi, they may occur isolated and terminal on their cornuta 
form or variety—a sterile spermogoniferous one with long, simple, tapering podetia. 
When terminal, the spermogones are generally single or tsolated ; when occurring 
on the margins of scyphi, they are grouped in numbers of from two to five in 
C. gracilis,—five to twelve in C. pyxidata. The size of the spermogones varies 
greatly: in C. rangiferina they have a diameter of s;th, with a length of jth; 
but in C.furcatathey are generally much larger in all their dimensions. Asa general 
rule, they are greatly smaller and more delicate in arctic and antarctic specimens, 
than in specimens of the same species from temperate countries. Their envelope 
is generally thin, and of a brown cellular tissue. The deep brown colour of the 

